Proper simulation of processes of the natural gas industry such as dehydration, liquefaction and regasification require accurate prediction of thermodynamic properties of the working fluids. For such processes, cubic equations of state are the calculation methods most frequently employed. Among them, the Peng-Robinson equation is usually the one recommended for gas, refinery and petrochemical applications in many simulators. Numerous works have been proposed in order to improve the temperature dependence relation of the attraction parameter of the equation - the so called alpha function. In this work, five currently available alpha functions are evaluated for the prediction of molar volumes and enthalpies of natural gas samples. Additionally, parameters of one of the models are readjusted to volumetric data of methane, in order to represent its supercritical behavior more accurately. Experimental data of 44 mixtures are compared with calculated results. Van der Waals mixing rules are used, with binary interaction parameters set as zero. In the case of the original alpha function, it is also tested how the inclusion of non-zero binary parameters affects the predictions. The extended Saffari-Zahedi model presents the smallest average deviation for the molar volumes (1.35%). For the enthalpy calculation, the inclusion of the binary parameters results in deviation values of 2.62% for gas-gas transitions and 4.44% for gas-liquid transitions.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the shortcomings of our health, social, and economic systems. While responding to the health crisis, governments are scrambling to understand and address the knock-on economic effects from market disruptions, and respond to other major disturbances (e.g. natural disasters). We conducted 61 key informant interviews with Indo-Fijian small-scale fisheries (SSF) actors (i.e. fishers, boat owners (that may or may not fish), crew members, and traders) in May 2020, two months after Fiji got its first case of COVID-19 and a month after Cyclone Harold hit the country. We examined how these SSF groups whose access to resources depends on their ability to navigate existing social relations of power, have lived through, experienced, and responded to the two stresses. We found the main impact of COVID-19 on SSF actors was the reduction in sales of fish (73.8 % of respondents) likely a result of reduction in local consumption and/or the loss of tourism markets. Loss of purchasing power meant almost a fifth of Indo-Fijian SSF actors interviewed (comprising 44.4 % of crew members, 16.4 % fishers, 11.5 % boat owners, 8.3 % traders) were unable to obtain sufficient food to meet their families daily needs. Many of these SSF actors do not have access to social security or similar safety nets leaving them vulnerable to the current crisis as well as to other shocks and changes. Furthermore, social inequities and power relations surrounding access to fisheries resources and government aid contributed to their vulnerability to economic stresses from COVID-19 and a severe cyclone. An understanding of early impacts of COVID-19 on SSF through an intersectional lens can assist decision-makers to quickly mobilise assistance to help people who are most vulnerable, and avoid widening inequities among social groups.

BackgroundIn face of the developing COVID-19 pandemic with a need for rapid and practical vaccination strategies, Ad26.COV2.S was approved as single shot immunization regimen. While effective against severe COVID-19, Ad26.COV2.S vaccination induces lower SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels compared to its mRNA-based counterparts. To support decision making on the need for booster vaccinations in Ad26.COV2.S-primed individuals, we assessed the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of homologous and heterologous booster vaccinations in Ad26.COV2.S-primed health care workers (HCWs). MethodsThe SWITCH trial is a single-(participant)-blinded, multi-center, randomized controlled trial among 434 HCWs who received a single Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. HCWs were randomized to no boost, Ad26.COV2.S boost, mRNA-1273 boost, or BNT162b2 boost. We assessed the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies against infectious virus, SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses, and reactogenicity. ResultsHomologous and heterologous booster vaccinations resulted in an increase in SARS-CoV-2-specific binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses when compared to single Ad26.COV.2.S vaccination. In comparison with the homologous boost, the increase was significantly larger in heterologous regimens with the mRNA-based vaccines. mRNA-1273 boosting was most immunogenic, associated with higher reactogenicity. Only mild to moderate local and systemic reactions were observed on the first two days following booster. ConclusionsBoosting of Ad26.COV2.S-primed HCWs was well-tolerated and immunogenic. Strongest responses were detected after boosting with mRNA-based vaccines. Based on our data, efficacy on infection and transmission of boosters is expected. In addition to efficacy, decision making on boost vaccinations should include timing, target population, level of SARS CoV-2 circulation, and the global inequity in vaccine access. Trial registrationFunded by ZonMW (10430072110001); ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04927936.

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has put restriction of travel, and social distancing has become a new normal. This outbreak of the pandemic has made telemedicine more relevant than ever. The objective of this study is to identify the factors affecting the rate of adoption of telemedicine and effect of the COVID-19 on these factors. The research develops five hypotheses to test the influence of a disease outbreak on the rate of telemedicine adoption. The method used for the study is the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and the sampling method used for the study is purposive sampling. The respondents were taken from a multispecialty clinic in North India and the sample size for the study is 43. The study concludes that patients are seeing more value in the use of telemedicine during COVID-19. They are more willing to experiment with telemedicine and are not intimidated by the technology related to telemedicine.

OBJECTIVES: COVID-19 is a heterogeneous disease, and many reports have described variations in demographic, biochemical and clinical features at presentation influencing overall hospital mortality. However, there is little information regarding longitudinal changes in laboratory prognostic variables in relation to disease progression in hospitalised patients with COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING: This retrospective observational report describes disease progression from symptom onset, to admission to hospital, clinical response and discharge/death among patients with COVID-19 at a tertiary centre in South East England. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred and fifty-one patients treated for SARS-CoV-2 between March and September 2020 were included in this analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the HRA Specific Review Board (REC 20/HRA/2986) for waiver of informed consent. RESULTS: The majority of patients presented within 1 week of symptom onset. The lowest risk patients had low mortality (1/45, 2%), and most were discharged within 1 week after admission (30/45, 67%). The highest risk patients, as determined by the 4C mortality score predictor, had high mortality (27/29, 93%), with most dying within 1 week after admission (22/29, 76%). Consistent with previous reports, most patients presented with high levels of C reactive protein (CRP) (67% of patients >50 mg/L), D-dimer (98%>upper limit of normal (ULN)), ferritin (65%>ULN), lactate dehydrogenase (90%>ULN) and low lymphocyte counts (81%<lower limit of normal (LLN)). Increases in platelet counts and decreases in CRP, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (p<0.001), lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophil counts, urea and white cell counts (all p<0.01) were each associated with discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Serial measurement of routine blood tests may be a useful prognostic tool for monitoring treatment response in hospitalised patients with COVID-19. Changes in other biochemical parameters often included in a COVID-19 bundle did not show significant association with outcome, suggesting there may be limited clinical benefit of serial sampling. This may have direct clinical utility in the context of escalating healthcare costs of the pandemic.

In response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a highly increased sequencing effort has been established worldwide to track and trace ongoing viral evolution. Technologies such as nanopore sequencing via the ARTIC protocol are used to reliably generate genomes from raw sequencing data as a crucial base for molecular surveillance. However, for many labs that perform SARS-CoV-2 sequencing, bioinformatics is still a major bottleneck, especially if hundreds of samples need to be processed in a recurring fashion. Pipelines developed for short-read data cannot be applied to nanopore data. Therefore, specific long-read tools and parameter settings need to be orchestrated to enable accurate genotyping and robust reference-based genome reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from nanopore data. Here we present poreCov, a highly parallel workflow written in Nextflow, using containers to wrap all the tools necessary for a routine SARS-CoV-2 sequencing lab into one program. The ease of installation, combined with concise summary reports that clearly highlight all relevant information, enables rapid and reliable analysis of hundreds of SARS-CoV-2 raw sequence data sets or genomes. poreCov is freely available on GitHub under the GNUv3 license: github.com/replikation/poreCov.

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common, but broadly underdiagnosed, form of hormonal hypertension. To improve screening procedures, current biochemical approaches aim to determine newly appreciated angiotensin II (Ang II) and calculate the aldosterone-to-angiotensin II ratio (AA2R). Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of these screening tests in comparison to the aldosterone-to-direct renin ratio (ADRR), which is routinely used. Cheap and available ELISA was used for Ang II measurement. To our knowledge, this is the first study of this laboratory methods usage in PA. The study cohort included 20 PA patients and 80 controls. Ang II concentrations were comparable between PA and non-PA patients (773.5 vs. 873.2 pg/mL, p = 0.23, respectively). The AA2R was statistically significantly higher in PA group when compared with non-PA (0.024 vs. 0.012 ng/dL/pg/mL, p < 0.001). However, the diagnostic performance of the AA2R was significantly worse than that of the ADRR (AUROC 0.754 vs. 0.939, p < 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of the AA2R were 70% and 76.2%, respectively. Thus, the AA2R was not effective as a screening tool for PA. Our data provide important arguments in the discussion on the unsatisfactory accuracy of reninCangiotensin system evaluation by recently repeatedly used ELISA tests.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread across the globe resulting in a pandemic. At the time of this review, COVID-19 has been diagnosed in more than 200 000 patients and associated with over 8000 deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization). On behalf of the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists, we herein summarize the current evidence as of March 18, 2020 to provide guidance on potential COVID-19 treatment options. It is important to caution readers that new data emerges daily regarding clinical characteristics, treatment options, and outcomes for COVID-19. Optimized supportive care remains the mainstay of therapy, and the clinical efficacy for the subsequent agents is still under investigation. Antimicrobial stewardship programs, including infectious diseases pharmacists and physicians, are at the forefront of COVID-19 emergency preparedness. We encourage all readers to continue to assess clinical data as it emerges and share their experience within our community in a well-controlled, adequately powered fashion.

Assessing the trend of the COVID-19 pandemic and policy effectiveness is essential for both policymakers and stock investors, but challenging because the crisis has unfolded with extreme speed and the previous index was not suitable for measuring policy effectiveness for COVID-19. This paper builds an index of policy effectiveness on fighting COVID-19 pandemic, whose building method is similar to the index of Policy Uncertainty, based on province-level paper documents released in China from Jan.1st to Apr.16th of 2020. This paper also studies the relationships among COVID-19 daily confirmed cases, stock market volatility, and document-based policy effectiveness in China. This paper uses the DCC-GARCH model to fit conditional covariance's change rule of multi-series. This paper finally tests four hypotheses, about the time-space difference of policy effectiveness and its overflow effect both on the COVID-19 pandemic and stock market. Through the inner interaction of this triad structure, we can bring forward more specific and scientific suggestions to maintain stability in the stock market at such exceptional times.

Seeking useful ways to respond to the Covid\19 pandemic, bioethicists have been tempted to claim for themselves what Alasdair MacIntyre characterized in After Virtue as the moral fiction of managerial expertise. They have been eager to offer a wide range of policy prescriptions, presenting themselves as bureaucratic managers and suggesting an expertise that bioethics may not in fact be able to offer. This was evident, for example, in the petition published by The Hastings Center in March 2020. The pandemic could foster a more hopeful future for bioethics if it were to focus attention less on policy decisions that belong to all citizens and more on some of the most basic moral questions that life presents and with which bioethics has always dealtincluding, surely, the virtues needed in order to live well in a time of pandemic.

Background: Pneumonia from SARS-CoV-2 is difficult to distinguish from other viral and bacterial etiologies. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials are frequently prescribed to patients hospitalized with COVID-19 which potentially acts as a catalyst for the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). ObjectivesWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis during the first 18 months of the pandemic to quantify the prevalence and types of resistant co-infecting organisms in patients with COVID-19 and explore differences across hospital and geographic settings.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science (BioSIS), and Scopus from November 1, 2019 to May 28, 2021 to identify relevant articles pertaining to resistant co-infections in patients with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2. Patient- and study-level analyses were conducted. We calculated pooled prevalence estimates of co-infection with resistant bacterial or fungal organisms using random effects models. Stratified meta-analysis by hospital and geographic setting was also performed to elucidate any differences. ResultsOf 1331 articles identified, 38 met inclusion criteria. A total of 1959 unique isolates were identified with 29% (569) resistant organisms identified. Co-infection with resistant bacterial or fungal organisms ranged from 0.2 to 100% among included studies. Pooled prevalence of co-infection with resistant bacterial and fungal organisms was 24% (95% CI: 8-40%;n=25 studies: I 2 =99%) and 0.3% (95% CI: 0.1-0.6%;n=8 studies: I 2 =78%), respectively. Among multi-drug resistant organisms, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida auris were most commonly reported. Stratified analyses found higher proportions of AMR outside of Europe and in ICU settings, though these results were not statistically significant. Patient-level analysis demonstrated >50% (n=58) mortality, whereby all but 6 patients were infected with a resistant organism. ConclusionsDuring the first 18 months of the pandemic, AMR was moderately prevalent in COVID-19 patients and varied by hospital and geography although there was substantial heterogeneity. Given the variation in patient populations within these studies, clinical settings, practice patterns, and definitions of AMR, further research is warranted to quantify AMR in COVID-19 patients to improve surveillance programs, infection prevention and control practices and antimicrobial stewardship programs globally.

Passive immunotherapy with plasma derived from patients convalescent from SARS-CoV-2 infection can be a promising approach in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. It is important that Blood Establishments are prepared to satisfy requests for immune plasma by defining the requirements applicable to plasma donors and the standards for preparation, qualification, storage, distribution and control of use of the product. This position paper is aimed to give recommendations on biological characteristics of a plasma preparation from convalescent donors and to support the evaluation of this therapeutic approach in more rigorous investigations.

OBJECTIVES In this study, we evaluated the inflammatory response in patients with severe acute respiratory infection due to the Middle East respiratory syndrome and non-Middle East respiratory syndrome and assessed the presence of distinct inflammatory subphenotypes using latent class analysis. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING A tertiary care ICU in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS Consecutive critically ill patients with laboratory-confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection and non-Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection. INTERVENTION None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We measured cytokines on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 of ICU stay. We included 116 patients (40 with Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection and 76 with non-Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection). On ICU day 1, both patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection and non-Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection had higher levels of interleukin-3, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-17A, eotaxin, and epidermal growth factor compared with healthy controls. There were no differences in cytokines over time between patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection and non-Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection. Using day 1 cytokine levels, latent class analysis categorized patients into two subphenotypes: subphenotype 1 (n = 74 [64%]) and subphenotype 2 (n = 42 [36%]); the latter had significantly higher levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-1ra, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-7, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, interleukin-12p70, interleukin-15, interleukin-17A, inducible protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, interferon-, and interferon-. Although baseline characteristics were not different between the two subphenotypes, patients in the subphenotype 2 had higher ICU mortality compared with the subphenotype 1 (18/42 [43%] vs 17/74 [23%]; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS One third of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection and non-Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection demonstrated a subphenotype characterized by increased proinflammatory cytokines, consistent with cytokine storm. Further research is needed to examine whether immunomodulators have differential effects based on inflammatory subphenotypes.

The Coronavirus experience (CE) presents a highly challenging period for sport performers (e g , athletes, coaches, referees), with potential effects on their lives and career trajectories In this article, we initially conceptualize the CE using the scheme of change for sport psychology practice (Samuel and Tenenbaum, 2011a) Within this framework, the CE is understood as a longitudinal, multifaceted, unpredicted, non-controlled change-event, with four distinct stages: (a) a pre-Coronavirus stage with unique career contextual conditions (i e , stable engagement or a transitional period), (b) Coronavirus stage-A accompanied by instability and confusion, emotional response, and cognitive appraisal, (c) Coronavirus stage-B characterized by active coping or regression, and (d) Coronavirus stage-C;instability endures or decreases, depending on career trajectory The CE presents sport performers with modifications in various dimensions, including physical and physiological, motor skills, psycho-social and self-identity, relationships, performance and achievement, motivation and aspirations, organizational-occupational, and micro- and macro-cultural issues Sport performers can exhibit several emotional responses (i e , positive, negative, neutral), and consequential coping endeavors The development of the change process is underlined by key decisions, manifested in sport performers' attempts to implement responsive change in these dimensions (e g , adapt their diets, sleep routines, and exercise regimen) The second part of the article discusses applied practice considerations, presenting various techniques and methodologies which practitioners can apply while consulting from a change-based perspective Ethical issues pertaining to the formation of effective therapeutic relationships during this period are also assessed The conclusions offer future avenues for researchers and practitioners when attempting to evaluate and cope with this global phenomenon

The recent pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), raised global health and economic concerns. Phylogenetically, SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to SARS-CoV, and both encode the enzyme main protease (M(pro)/3CL(pro)), which can be a potential target inhibiting viral replication. Through this work, we have compiled the structural aspects of M(pro) conformational changes, with molecular modeling and 1-s MD simulations. Long-scale MD simulation resolves the mechanism role of crucial amino acids involved in protein stability, followed by ensemble docking which provides potential compounds from the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) database. These lead compounds directly interact with active site residues (His41, Gly143, and Cys145) of M(pro), which plays a crucial role in the enzymatic activity. Through the binding mode analysis in the S1, S1, S2, and S4 binding subsites, screened compounds may be functional for the distortion of the oxyanion hole in the reaction mechanism, and it may lead to the inhibition of M(pro) in SARS-CoV-2. The hit compounds are naturally occurring compounds; they provide a sustainable and readily available option for medical treatment in humans infected by SARS-CoV-2. Henceforth, extensive analysis through molecular modeling approaches explained that the proposed molecules might be promising SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors for the inhibition of COVID-19, subjected to experimental validation.

Diabetes mellitus has been directly related to an increase in mortality associated with COVID-19, for which reason it was decided to carry out this analysis. Objective: to systematically examine the available empirical studies that report on diabetes as a risk factor for in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19. Methodology: A systematic review of publications indexed in the following browsers were performed: Pubmed, Scielo, Hindawi, Latindex, Redalyc, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, Springer Link, Web of Science, EBSCO, in a period between the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2021, choosing those that were related to the topic to be treated, in a complementary way this search was made using the keywords mentioned below: coronavirus disease 2, COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, Coronavirus, Mortality, Prediction, Predictor, adults, diabetes, hyperglycemia, death, and the connections of these with Boolean connectors AND and OR were made. Results: 23 articles were studied that met the selection criteria, where most of the publications were retrospective with distribution according to the sex of 56.6% for males and 43.4% for females, with a prevalence of diabetes in patients with COVID-19 on average of 20.71% with 54.41% in men and 45.59% for women, at an average age of 66.57 years. Conclusion: in general, this comorbidity has a higher incidence in people infected by the type of coronavirus, in the same way, in almost all of the articles evaluated it was identified that diabetes was an independent risk factor for mortality from COVID-19.

Background: During an epidemic, both frontline and non-frontline medical staff endure stressful work circumstances that render their mental health a major public health concern. This study aims at investigating and comparing the prevalence and severity of mental health symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression and insomnia) between frontline medical staff and non-frontline medical staff during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. It also seeks to evaluate the association of their mental health with occupational stress. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Wenzhou, China from 2020 February 16th to 2020 March 2th. A total of 524 medical staff responded to the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Occupational stress Questionnaire, and a demographic data form. Data were principally analyzed with logistic regression. Results: Of the 524 participants, 31.3% reported depression, 41.2% reported anxiety, and 39.3% reported insomnia. Compared with the citizens during the COVID-19 epidemic, medical staff experienced higher level of anxiety, depression and insomnia, especially the frontline medical staff. Furthermore, male, married medical staff with poorer physical health reported lower mental health. Frontline medical staff endorsed higher self-reported occupational stress, especially higher occupational hazards, than non-frontline medical staff. In addition, four indicators on occupational stress (working intensity, working time, working difficulty and working risk) were correlated positively with mental health symptoms. Regression analyses found a significant association between occupational stress and mental health symptoms in both frontline and non-frontline medical staff during COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusion: The results indicated that during the COVID-19 epidemic, medical staff experienced higher levels of anxiety, depression and insomnia than citizens, and their occupational stress had positive effects on their psychological distress. These findings emphasize the importance of occupational stress management interventions to decrease the risk of developing mental health problems among the medical staff during a biological disaster.

INTRODUCTION Depression is a highly debilitating psychiatric disorder and a worldwide health issue. Functional deficits in glutamatergic cortico-limbic areas are hypothesized to play a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Consistently, the clinical antidepressant efficacy of the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine gives hope for a new class of glutamatergic rapid-acting antidepressants. In this context, metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have received attention as interesting targets for new antidepressants. AREAS COVERED The present review summarizes the preclinical evidence supporting the antidepressant effect of the pharmacological modulation of mGlu receptors. Antidepressant properties in animal models of mGlu1 antagonists, mGlu5 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), mGlu2/3 agonists, PAMs, orthosteric antagonists and NAMs, mGlu4 and mGlu7 PAMs are reviewed. To date, orthosteric mGlu2/3 antagonists are the most promising compounds in development as antidepressants. EXPERT OPINION Although accumulating clinical and preclinical evidence concur to confirm a primary role of glutamate transmission modulation for the induction of a rapid antidepressant effect, very little is still known about the cellular mechanisms involved. More mechanistic studies are required to understand the role of glutamate in depression and the therapeutic potential of drugs directly targeting the glutamate synapse.

As the COVID-19 pandemic began, health authorities rushed to use social media to communicate information and persuade citizens to follow guidelines. Yet a desire to come closer to citizens often came into conflict with the very consequences of doing somany social media interactions were characterized by complaint, resistance, trolling or misinformation. This paper presents a case study of the Danish Health Authority's (DHA) Facebook page, focusing on the initial phase of the pandemic and on posts about face masks. Face masks were chosen as an exemplar of the many topics where scientific research was being communicated as it unfolded, and where relations between science, policy, and politics were also evolving in public. In other words, topics where what should be communicated and why was unclear and unstable. A qualitative thematic analysis of the DHA Facebook page, grounded in the practice-based knowledge of one of the authors and feedback meetings with DHA staff, unpicks what kinds of engagements between authority and citizens occurred, both explicitly and implicitly. The analysis particularly looks for dialogueas a mode of communication implicitly promised by social media platforms, and as a well-established ingredient of trust in relationships between experts and citizens. Drawing on Grudin's definition of dialogue as reciprocal and strange, we argue that the DHA's Facebook policy limited such encounters, in part by practical necessity, and in part due to professional constraints on the ability to discuss entanglements between health guidelines and politics. But we also identify strangeness in the apparent disconnect between individual engagements and collective responses;and reciprocity in the sharing of affect and alternative forms of expertise. We also highlight the invisible majority of silent engagements with DHA information on the Facebook page, and ask whether the visibly frustrated dialogue that ran alongside was a price worth paying for this informational exchange. The paper also serves as an example of qualitative research situated within ongoing practice, and as such we argue for the virtue of these more local, processual forms of evidence-based science communication. Copyright ? 2022 Madvig, Achiam, Adler-Nissen, Johansen and Whiteley.

Newborn colostrum-restricted calves were orally inoculated with an Escherichia coli strain, identified originally as non-pathogenic, and into which the plasmid pVir was conjugally transferred. This resulted in diarrhea, intestinal lesions and extra-intestinal invasion, suggesting that factors affecting these pathogenic properties are located on pVir. In order to analyze the respective roles of the toxins CNF2 and CDTIII in the pathogenesis, colostrum-restricted calves were inoculated with isogenic mutants in the cnf2 and the cdt-III genes. The loss of cnf2 is associated with a reduction in the pathogenicity, since diarrhea does not occur in calves challenged, in spite of successful colonization of the intestine. Nevertheless, the mutant strain remains able to invade the bloodstream and to localize in the internal organs. Conversely, the calves inoculated with mutant in the cdt-III gene evolved in the same way as wild-type strain-inoculated calves with regard to clinical signs and macroscopic or microscopic lesions.