ABSTRACT The unprecedented scale and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has required organisations to adapt all facets of their operations. The impact on the UK water sector extends beyond engineering and treatment processes, with social, economic and environmental consequences. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with executives from ten UK water companies to investigate the organisational response to the pandemic, and how their response impacted operational delivery. The Safe changes to operational practices;and industry collaboration, were mapped onto the framework and a ripple effect map developed. Lessons learnt highlight: a failure to adequately prepare for the scale of the threat;the success of sector level collaboration;and a need to embrace new ways of working.

INTRODUCTION The rising of allergic respiratory diseases (ARDs) suggests a decisive role of environmental factors, that have dramatically changed in the last decades. AREAS COVERED This review addresses various aspects of the external exposome acting on the development, progression, clinical presentation and severity of ARDs. Climate change, air pollution and biodiversity loss act directly and through their complex interactions on atopic risk: reacent foundings on these aspects are discussed herein. The review also focuses on migration studies, underling the possible role of migrant status as an experimental model to study environment effects on atopy onset and progression. EXPERT OPINION Future perspective on this topic include prevention and mitigation strategies in regard to pollution and climate change, improvement of environmental monitoring methods, implementation of public health policies, further advances in "omics" research and knowledge, prospective and immunological research on migrant populations and new policies to face human mobility.

Background Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) causing hearing impairments affects ~1 in 10 children starting school in UK/ Europe. Studies showed children with OME hear better with bone conducting headsets. During COVID-19 we investigated whether children with deafness secondary OME, without access to audiology or grommet surgery, could be aided with bone conduction kits and the HearGlueEar app. Methods Starting July 2020, during COVID-19, children aged 3-11 years with OME and on a grommet waiting list were invited to a single arm, prospective study. They received the kit, instructions and HearGlueEar app by post. By 3 weeks parents were asked to charge and pair the devices, attend a remote consultation and complete an OMQ-14 questionnaire. Remote follow-up lasted 3 months. Outcomes: ability to use the equipment, complete the questionnaire about child hearing and behaviour before and with the equipment, declining grommet surgery or where deafness resolved, and give opinion about the intervention. Findings: 26 children enrolled. Families used the kit at home and school. Most found remote consultations positive and convenient. OMQ-14 responses were 90% positive. Three families continued with the headset to avoid grommets. Comments were - Other people have said, wow his speech is clearer. - He said over and over again, I can hear everybody, wow, wow, wow. - It is no exaggeration to say this has made an astronomical improvement to his quality of life.- She is getting on really well with the headphones - pairing them with the iPad at home is simply brilliant. Conclusion: Posting a bone conduction kit, HearGlueEar app and remote consultation is effective support for children with deafness secondary to OME. Funding: None

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is widely used in clinical research due to its low toxicity, low number of side effects, and low cost. Many components of common fruits and vegetables play well-documented roles as chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents that suppress tumorigenesis. Anthraquinones are commonly extracted from the Polygonaceae family of plants, e.g., Rheum palmatum and Rheum officinale. Some of the major chemical components of anthraquinone and its derivatives, such as aloe-emodin, danthron, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, and rhein, have demonstrated potential anticancer properties. This review evaluates the pharmacological effects of emodin, a major component of Aloe vera. In particular, emodin demonstrates anti-neoplastic, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis, and toxicological potential for use in pharmacology, both in vitro and in vivo. Emodin demonstrates cytotoxic effects (e.g., cell death) through the arrest of the cell cycle and the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. The overall molecular mechanisms of emodin include cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and the promotion of the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, glutathione S-transferase P, N-acetyltransferase, and glutathione phase I and II detoxification enzymes while inhibiting angiogenesis, invasion, migration, chemical-induced carcinogen-DNA adduct formation, HER2/neu, CKII kinase, and p34cdc2 kinase in human cancer cells. Hopefully, this summary will provide information regarding the actions of emodin in cancer cells and broaden the application potential of chemotherapy to additional cancer patients in the future.

Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema have been reported in COVID-19 around the world except for Nepal. We report a case of a 44-year-old male infected with COVID-19 who developed pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema during his eighth day of intubation at the hospital. He was managed with remdesivir, antibiotics, mechanical ventilation, steroid, and heparin following which he recovered well. Barotrauma-related complications are common in COVID-19 and our case highlights the importance of conservative management for such complications and the rarity of such conditions in Nepal.

INTRODUCTION Suboptimal breastfeeding rates in South Africa have been attributed to the relatively easy access that women and families have had to infant formula, in part as a result of programs to prevent maternal-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. This policy may have had an undesirable spill-over effect on HIV-negative women as well. Thus, the aims of this scoping review were to: (a) describe EBF practices in South Africa, (b) determine how EBF has been affected by the WHO HIV infant feeding policies followed since 2006, and (c) assess if the renewed interest in The Code has had any impact on breastfeeding practices in South Africa. METHODS We applied the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for scoping reviews and reported our work in compliance with the PRISMA Extension (PRISMA-ScR). Twelve databases and platforms were searched. We included all study designs (no language restrictions) from South Africa published between 2006 and 2020. Eligible participants were women in South Africa who delivered a healthy live newborn who was between birth and 24 months of age at the time of study, and with known infant feeding practices. RESULTS A total of 5431 citations were retrieved. Duplicates were removed in EndNote and by Covidence. Of the 1588 unique records processed in Covidence, 179 records met the criteria for full-text screening and 83 were included in the review. It was common for HIV-positive women who initiated breastfeeding to stop doing so prior to 6 months after birth (1-3 months). EBF rates rapidly declined after birth. School and work commitments were also reasons for discontinuation of EBF. HIV-positive women expressed fear of HIV MTCT transmission as a reason for not breastfeeding. CONCLUSION The Review found that while enforcing the most recent WHO HIV infant feeding guidelines and the WHO Code may be necessary to improve breastfeeding outcomes in South Africa, they may not be sufficient because there are additional barriers that impact breastfeeding outcomes. Mixed-methods research, including in-depth interviews with key informants representing different government sectors and civil society is needed to prioritize actions and strategies to improve breastfeeding outcomes in South Africa.

Infection with human BK polyomavirus, a small double-stranded DNA virus, potentially results in severe complications in immunocompromised patients. Here, we describe the in vivo variability and evolution of the BK polyomavirus by deep sequencing. Our data reveal the highest genomic evolutionary rate described in double-stranded DNA viruses, i.e., 10(?3)C10(?5) substitutions per nucleotide site per year. High mutation rates in viruses allow their escape from immune surveillance and adaptation to new hosts. By combining mutational landscapes across viral genomes with in silico prediction of viral peptides, we demonstrate the presence of significantly more coding substitutions within predicted cognate HLA-C-bound viral peptides than outside. This finding suggests a role for HLA-C in antiviral immunity, perhaps through the action of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors. The present study provides a comprehensive view of viral evolution and immune escape in a DNA virus.

BACKGROUND: Forced Oscillation Technique (FOT) is an innovative tool to measure within-breath reactance at 5 Hz (Xrs(5Hz)) but its feasibility and utility in acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) is understudied. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in 82 COPD patients admitted due to AECOPD. FOT indices were measured and the association between these indices and spirometry, peak inspiratory flow rate, blood inflammatory biomarkers and patient-reported outcomes including assessment of dyspnoea, quality of life, anxiety and depression and frailty at admission and discharge were explored. RESULTS: All patients were able to perform FOT in both sitting and supine position. The prevalence of expiratory flow limitation (EFL) in the upright position was 39% (32 out of 82) and increased to 50% (41 out of 82) in the supine position. EFL (measured by Xrs(5Hz)) and resistance at 5 Hz (Rrs(5Hz)) negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)); those with EFL had lower FEV(1) (0.740.30 versus 0.940.36 L, p = 0.01) and forced vital capacity (1.70.55 versus 2.10.63 L, p = 0.009) and higher body mass index (27 (21C36) versus 23 (19C26) kgm(?2), p = 0.03) compared to those without EFL. During recovery from AECOPD, changes in EFL were observed in association with improvement in breathlessness. CONCLUSION: FOT was easily used to detect EFL during hospitalisation due to AECOPD. The prevalence of EFL increased when patients moved from a seated to a supine position and EFL was negatively correlated with airflow limitation. Improvements in EFL were associated with a reduction in breathlessness. FOT is of potential clinical value by providing a noninvasive, objective and effort-independent technique to measure lung function parameters during AECOPD requiring hospital admission.

BACKGROUND: The differential diagnosis of acute shortness of breath in a pregnant woman with COVID-19 is broad. Pregnancy is a ketosis-prone state, which can result in metabolic acidosis and tachypnoea. METHODS: We describe four pregnant women with COVID-19 and breathlessness where ketoacidosis was found to contribute to symptomatic tachypnoea. RESULTS: One patient did not have associated COVID-19 pneumonitis, but presented with severe tachypnoea and metabolic acidosis; three women had pneumonitis and metabolic acidosis. Corrective treatment for the metabolic abnormalities resulted in resolution of the ketoacidosis in all cases. No women had coexistent diabetes. CONCLUSION: This is the first series of COVID-19 in pregnancy complicated by ketoacidosis and symptomatic tachypnoea. Ketoacidosis associated with COVID-19 is an important cause of tachypnoea requiring specific treatment, which should not be overlooked. Potential mechanisms for this are discussed with a framework for interpretation of blood gas results during pregnancy.

Background: COVID-19 frequently necessitates inpatient treatment and inpatient mortality is high. Less is known about long-term outcomes in terms of mortality and readmissions. We provide a detailed account of hospitalised COVID-19 patients until 180 days after their initial hospital admission. Methods: An observational study with claims data from the German Local Health Care Funds of adult patients hospitalised in Germany between Feb 1 and April 30, 2020&nbsp;with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 and&nbsp;a related principal diagnosis, for whom follow-up data for 180 days after admission or until death was available.&nbsp;A multivariable logistic regression model identified independent risk factors for 180-day mortality. Findings: Of&nbsp;8679 patients with a median age of 72 years,&nbsp;2161 (249%) died during the index hospitalisation. 30-day mortality was 239% (2073/8679), 90-day 279% (2425/8679), and 180-day 296% (2566/8679). The latter was&nbsp;523% (1472/2817) for patients aged 80 years, 236% (1621/6865) if not ventilated during index hospitalisation but 530% in those ventilated invasively (853/1608). Risk factors for 180-day mortality included coagulopathy, BMI 40 and age, while female sex was a protective factor beyond fewer prevalence of comorbidities. Of 6235 patients discharged alive, 1668 patients were readmitted a total of 2551 times within 180 days, resulting in an overall readmission rate of 268%. Interpretation: 180 day-follow up data of hospitalised COVID-19 patients in a nationwide&nbsp;cohort representing almost one-third of the&nbsp;German population show considerable long-term mortality and readmission rates, especially among patients with coagulopathy, whereas women have a profound and long-lasting better clinical outcome compared to men. Funding: Funding Institutional support and physical resources were provided by the University Witten/Herdecke and Kliniken der Stadt K?ln, the Federal Association of the Local Health Care Funds and the Technical University of Berlin. The latter also received a grant from the Berlin University Alliance (112_PreEP_Corona). Declaration of Interest: Dr. Busse reports grants from Berlin University Alliance, during the conduct of the study;grants from Federal Ministry of Research and Education, grants from Federal Ministry of Health, grants from Innovation Fonds of the Federal Joint Committee, grants from World Health Organization, outside the submitted work, Dr. Schuppert reports grants from Bayer AG, outside the submitted work. Dr. Karagiannidis reports personal fees from Maquet, personal fees from Xenios, personal fees from Bayer, non-financial support from Speaker of the German register of ICUs, grants from German Ministry of Research and Education, during the conduct of the study. Christian Gnster, Melissa Spoden, Steffen Weber-Carstens, Gerhard Schillinger, Tanja Rombey and Dr. Hofmann have nothing to disclose. Ethical Approval: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Witten/Herdecke University (research ethics board number 92/2020).<br>

The concept of luxury is archaic, but it is only recently that luxury marketing (LM) has caught academic attention. The result is a growth in global publications. This study examines 34 years of scientific research on LM through bibliometric and content analysis of Scopus data consisting of 893 articles from 271 journals. Results reveal that though the field is still developing, it has been approached from multiple disciplines and methodologies. A structured bibliometric and content analysis enabled an in-depth study of the fields evolution. Further, the results of bibliographic coupling indicate clusters of emerging themes in LM scholarship such as sustainability, social media marketing, counterfeiting, among others. Finally, a conceptual framework emerging from the thematic clusters and future research directions follow.

There is an urgent need for ultra-rapid testing regimens to detect the SARS-CoV-2 [Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2] virus infections in real-time within seconds to stop its spread. Current testing approaches for this RNA virus focus primarily on diagnosis by RT-qPCR, which is time-consuming, costly, often inaccurate and impractical for general population rollout due to the need for laboratory processing. The latency until the test result arrives with the patient has led to further virus spread. Furthermore, latest antigen rapid tests still require 15 to 30 min processing time and are challenging to handle. Despite increased PCR-test and antigen-test efforts the pandemic has entered the worldwide second stage. Herein, we applied a superfast reagent-free and non-destructive approach of attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy with subsequent chemometric analysis to the interrogation of virus-infected samples. Contrived samples with inactivated gamma-irradiated Covid-19 virus particles at levels down to 1582 copies/ml generated infrared (IR) spectra with good signal-to-noise ratio. Predominant virus spectral peaks are associated with nucleic acid bands, including RNA. At low copy numbers, the presence of virus particle was found to be capable of modifying the IR spectral signature of saliva, again with discriminating wavenumbers primarily associated with RNA. Discrimination was also achievable following ATR-FTIR spectral analysis of swabs immersed in saliva variously spiked with virus. Following on, we nested our test system in a clinical setting wherein participants were recruited to provide demographic details, symptoms, parallel RT-qPCR testing and the acquisition of pharyngeal swabs for ATR-FTIR spectral analysis. Initial categorisation of swab samples into negative versus positive Covid-19 infection was based on symptoms and PCR results. Following training and validation of a genetic algorithm-linear discriminant analysis (GA-LDA) algorithm, a blind sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 89% was achieved. This prompt approach generates results within two minutes and is applicable in areas with increased people traffic that require sudden test results such as airports, events or gate controls.

In the context of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the hospital management of mother-infant pairs poses to obstetricians and neonatologists previously unmet challenges. In Lombardy, Northern Italy, 59 maternity wards networked to organise the medical assistance of mothers and neonates with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Six COVID-19 maternity centres were identified, the architecture and activity of obstetric and neonatal wards of each centre was reorganised, and common assistance protocols for the management of suspected and proven cases were formulated. Here, we present the key features of this reorganization effort, and our current management of the mother-infant dyad before and after birth, including our approach to rooming-in practice, breastfeeding and neonatal follow-up, based on the currently available scientific evidence. Considered the rapid diffusion of COVID-19 all over the world, we believe that preparedness is fundamental to assist mother-infant dyads, minimising the risk of propagation of the infection through maternity and neonatal wards.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has presented unique challenges to stroke care and research internationally. In particular, clinical trials in stroke are vulnerable to the impacts of the pandemic at multiple stages, including design, recruitment, intervention, follow-up, and interpretation of outcomes. A carefully considered approach is required to ensure the appropriate conduct of stroke trials during the pandemic and to maintain patient and participant safety. This has been recently addressed by the International Council for Harmonisation which, in November 2019, released an addendum to the Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials guidelines entitled Estimands and Sensitivity Analysis in Clinical Trials. In this article, we present the International Council for Harmonisation estimand framework for the design and conduct of clinical trials, with a specific focus on its application to stroke clinical trials. This framework aims to align the clinical and scientific objectives of a trial with its design and end points. It also encourages the prospective consideration of potential postrandomization intercurrent events which may occur during a trial and either impact the ability to measure an end point or its interpretation. We describe the different categories of such events and the proposed strategies for dealing with them, specifically focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic as a source of intercurrent events. We also describe potential practical impacts posed by the COVID-19 pandemic on trials, health systems, study groups, and participants, all of which should be carefully reviewed by investigators to ensure an adequate practical and statistical strategy is in place to protect trial integrity. We provide examples of the implementation of the estimand framework within hypothetical stroke trials in intracerebral hemorrhage and stroke recovery. While the focus of this article is on COVID-19 impacts, the strategies and principles proposed are well suited for other potential events or issues, which may impact clinical trials in the field of stroke.

In this study, we used an integrative computational approach to examine molecular mechanisms underlying functional effects of the D614G mutation by exploring atomistic modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins as allosteric regulatory machines. We combined coarse-grained simulations, protein stability and dynamic fluctuation communication analysis with network-based community analysis to examine structures of the native and mutant SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins in different functional states. Through distance fluctuations communication analysis, we probed stability and allosteric communication propensities of protein residues in the native and mutant SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, providing evidence that the D614G mutation can enhance long-range signaling of the allosteric spike engine. By combining functional dynamics analysis and ensemble-based alanine scanning of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins we found that the D614G mutation can improve stability of the spike protein in both closed and open forms, but shifting thermodynamic preferences towards the open mutant form. Our results revealed that the D614G mutation can promote the increased number of stable communities and allosteric hub centers in the open form by reorganizing and enhancing the stability of the S1-S2 inter-domain interactions and restricting mobility of the S1 regions. This study provides atomistic-based view of allosteric communications in the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, suggesting that the D614G mutation can exert its primary effect through allosterically induced changes on stability and communications in the residue interaction networks.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

This study presents the very first report on the in vitro antiviral activity of selected essential oils of Lamiaceae plant species and their monoterpenes against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Nineteen essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of dried plant material, and their monoterpene profiles were determined. In addition, the exact concentrations of each monoterpene that were found at a significant level were defined. Both essential oils and their monoterpene components were tested for cytotoxic and antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in infected Vero 76 cells. The results showed that the essential oils of four Mentha species, i.e., M. aquatica L. cv. Veronica, M. pulegium L., M. microphylla K.Koch, and M. x villosa Huds., but also Micromeria thymifolia (Scop.) Fritsch and Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam., and five different monoterpenes, i.e., carvacrol, carvone, 1,8-cineol, menthofuran, and pulegone, inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 replication in the infected cells. However, the antiviral activity varied both among essential oils and monoterpenes. Carvone and carvacrol exhibited moderate antiviral activity with IC(50) concentrations of 80.23 6.07 M and 86.55 12.73 M, respectively, while the other monoterpenes were less active (IC(50) > 100.00 M). Structure-activity relations of related monoterpenes showed that the presence of keto and hydroxyl groups is associated with the activity of carvone and carvacrol, respectively. Furthermore, the carvone-rich essential oil of M. x villosa had the greatest activity among all active essential oils (IC(50) 127.00 4.63 ppm) while the other active oils exhibited mild (140 ppm < IC(50) < 200 ppm) to weak antiviral activity (IC(50) > 200 ppm). Both essential oils and monoterpenes showed limited or no cytotoxicity against Vero 76 cells. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the differences in the antiviral activity of essential oils were directly attributed to the antiviral efficacies of their particular single monoterpenes. The findings presented here on the novel antiviral property of plant essential oils and monoterpenes might be used in the development of different measures against SARS-CoV-2.

This article explores environmental impacts and risks that can accumulate in rural and ex-urban areas and regions and their relation to urban and global development forces. Two Southern Ontario cases are examined: an area level water disaster and cumulative change at the regional level. The role of disaster incubation analysis and advanced environmental assessment tools are discussed in terms of their potential to contribute to more enlightened and effective assessment and planning processes. It is concluded that conventional approaches to EA and planning are characteristically deficient in addressing the full range of impacts and risks, and particularly those originating from pathogens, dispersed and insidious sources. Rigorous application of disaster incubation analysis and more advanced forms of EA has considerable potential to influence a different pattern of planning and decision making.

Introdu??o Desde que a infec??o causada pelo Sars-CoV-2 se alastrou por todos os continentes, os servi?os de sade necessitaram se reestruturar e reinventar para atender a essa demanda emergente. A letalidade apresentada pelo vrus atingiu nveis alarmantes, e levou os profissionais de sade a uma rotina de frequente contato com o evento do bito. No Brasil, o plano de enfrentamento pandemia, proposto pelo Governo Federal, apontou para um fortalecimento da Rede Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiolgica Hospitalar, que foi crucial para o controle da letalidade da doen?a. Mtodo Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal, com extra??o de dados em um banco local, registrados entre 00:00 horas do dia 15 de mar?o de 2020, e 23:59 horas de 30 de setembro de 2021. Como critrio de inclus?o, foram selecionadas as declara??es de bito que utilizaram os CIDs B34.2-Infec??o por coronavrus, n?o especificada, B97.2-Coronavrus, como causa de doen?as classificadas em outros captulos e U07.1-Infec??o pelo novo Coronavrus (COVID-19) como causa bsica. A pesquisa foi realizada no Hospital Municipal Ronaldo Gazolla, no municpio do Rio de Janeiro, que se dedicou exclusivamente ao tratamento de COVID-19 no perodo de 15 de mar?o de 2020 a 30 de setembro de 2021. Resultado Entre 15 de mar?o e 31 de dezembro de 2020, foram registrados 81 bitos de pacientes internados a menos de 24 horas, com tempo de permanncia mdia de 12,19 horas (dp 6,81), idade mdia de 68,72 anos (dp 14,02), sendo 56,79% do sexo masculino. J entre 01 de janeiro e 30 de setembro de 2021 foram registrados 83 bitos de pacientes com menos de 24 horas de interna??o, permanncia mdia de 13,40 horas (dp 6,17), mdia de idade 66,55 anos (dp 16,49), e 54,22% do sexo masculino. Conclus?o N?o houve diferen?a estatstica significativa entre os dados registrados, quando comparados os anos de 2020 e 2021. Cultural e historicamente, os homens buscam os servi?os de sade com menor frequncia, em compara??o as mulheres, o que explica o maior nmero de bitos entre o sexo masculino. O Hospital Municipal Ronaldo Gazolla conta com o Time de Resposta Rpida - TRR, que possui a fun??o de prestar o primeiro atendimento na admiss?o do paciente com COVID-19, classificando-o de acordo com o nvel de complexidade do atendimento necessrio. Essa estratgia, recomendada pelo Ministrio da Sade, leva o paciente ao tratamento intensivo em tempo oportuno, e isso se mostra eficaz na redu??o do nmero de bitos.

First applications of high focused ultrasound as intracranial ablative therapy were firstly described in early 50. Since then, the technological innovations have shown an increasingly safe and effective face of this technique. And in the last few years, Magnetic Resonance (MR) guided Focused Ultrasound (gFUS) has become a valid minimally invasive technique in the treatment of several diseases, from bone tumors to symptomatic uterine fibroids or essential tremors. MR guidance, through the tomographic view, offers the advantage of an accurate target detection and treatment planning. Moreover, real-time monitoring sequences allow to avoid non-target ablation. An adequate knowledge of FUS is essential to understand its clinical effectiveness. Therefore, this brief review aims to debate the physical characteristics of US and the main fields of clinical application.

Changes in the Earths climate and weather continue to impact the planets ecosystems, including the interface of infectious disease agents with their hosts and vectors. Environmental disasters, natural and human-made activities raise risk factors that indirectly facilitate infectious disease outbreaks. Subsequently, changes in habitat, displaced populations, and environmental stresses that affect the survival of species are amplified over time. The recurrence and spread of vector-borne (e.g., mosquito, tick, aphid) human, animal, and plant pathogens to new geographic locations are also influenced by climate change. The distribution and range of humans, agricultural animals and plants, wildlife and native plants, as well as vectors, parasites, and microbes that cause neglected diseases of the tropics as well as other global regions are also impacted. In addition, genomic sequencing can now be applied to detect signatures of infectious pathogens as they move into new regions. Molecular detection assays complement metagenomic sequencing to help us understand the microbial community found within the microbiomes of hosts and vectors, and help us uncover mechanistic relationships between climate variability and pathogen transmission. Our understanding of, and responses to, such complex dynamics and their impacts can be enhanced through effective, multi-sectoral One Health engagement coupled with applications of both traditional and novel technologies. Concerted efforts are needed to further harness and leverage technology that can identify and track these impacts of climate changes in order to mitigate and adapt to their effects.