The coronavirus pandemic has shattered our world with increased morbidity, mortality, and personal/social sufferings. At the time of this writing, we are in a biomedical race for protective equipment, viral testing, and vaccine creation in an effort to respond to COVID threats. But what is the role of health humanities in these viral times? This article works though interdisciplinary connections between health humanities, the planetary health movement, and environmental humanities to conceptualize the emergence of "planetary health humanities." The goal of this affinity linkage is to re-story health humanities toward promotion of planetary health and community well-being. Wellbeing is critical because the main driver of environmental destruction and decreasing planetary health is coming from non-sustainable definitions of wellbeing. We need the arts and humanities to help reimagine the possibility of a sustainable community wellbeing. For health humanities, a basic role and narrative identity starts to emerge-we should become a planetary health (and well-being) humanities.

RATIONALE: Detailed data on the characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. OBJECTIVE: We determined the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Uganda. MEASUREMENTS: As of the 16 May 2020, a total of 203 cases had been confirmed. We report on the first 56 patients; 29 received hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and 27 did not. Endpoints included admission to intensive care, mechanical ventilation or death during hospitalisation. MAIN RESULTS: The median age was 34.2 years; 67.9% were male; and 14.6% were <18 years. Up 57.1% of the patients were asymptomatic. The most common symptoms were fever (21.4%), cough (19.6%), rhinorrhea (16.1%), headache (12.5%), muscle ache (7.1%) and fatigue (7.1%). Rates of comorbidities were 10.7% (pre-existing hypertension), 10.7% (diabetes) and 7.1% (HIV), Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 36.6%. 37.0% had a blood pressure (BP) of >130/90 mm Hg, and 27.8% had BP of >140/90 mm Hg. Laboratory derangements were leucopenia (10.6%), lymphopenia (11.1%) and thrombocytopenia (26.3%). Abnormal chest X-ray was observed in 14.3%. No patients reached the primary endpoint. Time to clinical recovery was shorter among patients who received HCQ, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Most of the patients with COVID-19 presented with mild disease and exhibited a clinical trajectory not similar to other countries. Outcomes did not differ by HCQ treatment status in line with other concluded studies on the benefit of using HCQ in the treatment of COVID-19.

This chapter focuses on Mongolias response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Mongolia was highly successful in containing Covid-19 and preventing community outbreaks. It worked closely and successfully with neighbouring countries and international organizations such as the World Health Organization to develop and implement public health measures and testing. Moreover, Mongolia was one of the first countries to close its borders;quick and successful actions by the government to shut schools and businesses, restrict social gatherings, and ban international arrivals allowed the country to self-isolate and avoid a larger outbreak. This self-isolation, however, presents challenges in maintaining economic functioning as the country is highly dependent on imports of many consumer products and exports of natural resources. In May of 2020, the country started to move ahead with plans to reopen some businesses;trade with China started to resume to allow the export of key commodities such as coal and copper, but longer-term challenges remained due to high internal and external debt levels, continued international travel and trade restrictions, and the global economic slowdown. ? the several contributors 2021.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that causes a great number of deaths in the world (1.5 million people per year). This disease is currently treated by administering high doses of various oral anti-TB drugs for prolonged periods (up to 2 years). While this regimen is normally effective when taken as prescribed, many people with TB experience difficulties in complying with their medication schedule. Furthermore, the oral administration of standard anti-TB drugs causes severe side effects and widespread resistances. Recently, we proposed an original platform for pulmonary TB treatment consisting of mannitol microspheres (Ma MS) containing iron (III) trimesate metalCorganic framework (MOF) MIL-100 nanoparticles (NPs). In the present work, we loaded this system with the first-line anti-TB drug isoniazid (INH) and evaluated both the viability and safety of the drug vehicle components, as well as the cell internalization of the formulation in alveolar A549 cells. Results show that INH-loaded MOF (INH@MIL-100) NPs were efficiently microencapsulated in Ma MS, which displayed suitable aerodynamic characteristics for pulmonary administration and non-toxicity. MIL-100 and INH@MIL-100 NPs were efficiently internalized by A549 cells, mainly localized in the cytoplasm. In conclusion, the proposed micro-nanosystem is a good candidate for the pulmonary administration of anti-TB drugs.

Programmed cell death is a conserved evolutionary process of cell suicide that is central to the development and integrity of eukaryotic organisms [...].

Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare neurologic disorder of unknown etiopathogenesis, characterized by abrupt onset and remission of attacks of hypersomnia and cognitive dysfunctions. Psychiatric symptoms are frequently present, ranging from disinhibited sexual behavior and eating disorders to hallucinations, anxiety, mood alterations, and derealization. A vast range of attack-related dysautonomic signs and symptoms are reported, but remain poorly described. We describe a KLS patient with sleep attacks dominated by marked dysautonomic features. We briefly review similar clinical cases and suggest that the hypothalamus may play a central role in the genesis of autonomic dysfunction in KLS.

The COVID-19 Pandemic has been described as the global challenge of our time, an enormous human tragedy with dramatic economic impacts. This paper describes the response and expected recovery process for Western Australia, where a rapid and effective response was implemented. This has enabled an early transition into an expected recovery both in health and economic terms. The positive lessons learned from this experience are documented as they emerge in order to support other states and nations as they address this issue globally in the near-term and consider enduring improvements for the longer term. While the authors have personal experience in the WA context, wider observations across Australia and selected international benchmarks are also included. Key lessons include the importance of good health advice in Australia's interest;timely, synchronized and aligned action at all levels of government;a program of well communicated, aligned health and economic measures which support all in society allowing a very high level of appropriate community behaviour, ensuring the health system was not overloaded;innovation in telehealth, testing, pandemic modelling, and integrated operations which also allowed essential industries to continue;and strong border and travel controls with highly effective isolation preventing community spread, ultimately enabling rapid elimination of the disease from the hospital system. In combination, these demonstrate that in the case of Western Australia the result of first eliminating the disease from the community, and then reopening the economy progressively at a strong pace, has enabled a world leading outcome in both in health and economic terms. The lessons from this experience are widely applicable, shareable both as supporting service to other regions and through knowledge transfer.

The recently discovered coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which was detected in Wuhan, China, has spread worldwide and is still being studied at the end of 2019. Detection of COVID-19 at an early stage is essential to provide adequate healthcare to affected patients and protect the uninfected community. This paper aims to design and develop a novel ensemble-based classifier to predict COVID-19 cases at a very early stage so that appropriate action can be taken by patients, doctors, health organizations, and the government. In this paper, a synthetic dataset of COVID-19 is generated by a dataset generation algorithm. A novel ensemble-based classifier of machine learning is employed on the COVID-19 dataset to predict the disease. A convex hull-based approach is also applied to the data to improve the proposed novel, ensemble-based classifier's accuracy and speed. The model is designed and developed through the python programming language and compares with the most popular classifier, i.e., Decision Tree, ID3, and support vector machine. The results indicate that the proposed novel classifier provides a more significant precision, kappa static, root means a square error, recall, F-measure, and accuracy.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory response is activated during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), which may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and procalcitonin (PCT) increases during this inflammatory response. The objective of the study was to validate whether patients with higher serum PCT concentrations have a higher incidence of ARDS. METHODS: The study was a prospective, single-center, observational cohort study. All patients who received cardiac surgery with CPB were screened for study eligibility. Patients were assigned to the PCT-elevated cohort or the control cohort according to serum PCT concentration on the first postoperative day with a cut-off value of 7.0 ng/mL. Patients were followed up until the 7th postoperative day. The primary endpoint was the incidence of ARDS, which was diagnosed according to the Berlin definition. RESULTS: A total of 296 patients were enrolled, 64 patients were assigned to the PCT-elevated cohort and 232 patients were assigned to the control cohort. PCT concentration was 16.23 5.9 ng/mL in the PCT-elevated cohort, and 2.70 1.43 ng/mL in the control cohort (p < 0.001). The incidence of ARDS was significantly higher in the PCT-elevated cohort than in the control cohort (21.9% versus 5.6%, p < 0.001). The incidence of moderate-to-severe ARDS was also significantly higher in the PCT-elevated cohort than in the control cohort (10.9% versus 0.4%, p < 0.001). The hazard ratio of ARDS at 7 days in the PCT-elevated cohort, as compared with the control cohort, was 6.8 (95% confidence interval 2.7 to 17.4). The hazard ratio of moderate-to-severe ARDS in the PCT-elevated cohort was 57.3 (95% confidence interval 10.4 to 316.3). The positive predictive value of PCT for ARDS and moderate-to-severe ARDS were 0.242 and 0.121, respectively; the negative predictive value of PCT for ARDS and moderate-to-severe ARDS were 0.952 and 1.0, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cardiac surgical patients with elevated PCT concentration have a higher incidence of ARDS. Elevated PCT may serve as a warning signal of postoperative ARDS in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. Study registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-OCH-14005076)

This article critically reflects on the methodological approach used in a multi-method study of healthcare provision for probation service clients in England. The study involved gathering data from a range of large criminal justice and health organisations. Drawing on the literature and using learning from this study as an example, we address two central questions which evolved during the research: why was it more difficult to gain access in some organisations than others, and what methodological strategies might best improve engagement with research in the future? We discuss gatekeeping, and the impact of organisational resources, culture, responsibilities, change and objectives on engagement with research. We make recommendations for future methodological approaches to address these challenges, which are relevant to researchers in any discipline trying to engage organisations in research.

COVID-19 is a global concern nowadays, and the psychological impact of the pandemic cannot be overlooked. People are under insurmountable pressure, which may lead to psychological problems such as anxiety and depression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mental health of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) patients during COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze its influencing factors. We conducted an online questionnaire survey among 307 SCA patients from China. The contents of the questionnaire included general information, the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), the self-rating depression scale (SDS). The relevant influencing factors included COVID-19 risk factors, age, gender, BMI (body mass index), educational background, disease course, and score of the scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA). Results indicate the 307 SCA patients had an anxiety rate of 34.9%, along with a depression rate of 56.7%. Their SAS and SDS scores were significantly higher than those of the Chinese norm group (SAS: 45.810.1 vs. 37.212.6, P < 0.01;SDS: 55.112.2 vs. 41.910.6, P < 0.01). Risks of exposure to COVID-19, educational level, and disease course may be factors affecting mental health status. The existence of a positive correlation among the scores of SARA, SAS and SDS scale was demonstrated, the higher the SARA score, the higher the risk of anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression were more prevalent in SCA patients compared with the normal population, and depression was more common than anxiety during this pandemic. More psychological attention should be paid to SCA patients during COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) led speech-language pathologists (SLPs) around the world to shift their service delivery methods from face-to-face service to telepractice.This study explored the implementation of telepractice by Malaysian SLPs and determined whether there was an association between the SLPs' perceptions of the effectiveness of telepractice and the frequency of the telepractice services provided, as well as between the use of telepractice and prior training received. Methods: Eighty-nine SLPs responded to an 18-question online survey that inquired about demographics, telepractice during the pandemic, perceptions of telepractice and prior training received. Results: Seventy-five percent of SLPs reported providing services via telepractice during the pandemic compared to 19% before the pandemic. Most SLPs who used telepractice stated that services delivered via telepractice were comparable with face-to-face services;no association was found between the frequency of providing services via telepractice and the SLPs' perceptions of its effectiveness.They had also received some training in telepractice, although no association was found between the type of training received and the provision of telepractice services. SLPs who did not provide services via telepractice reported awareness of telepractice but described a lack of knowledge, support, and training. All SLPs expressed interest to receive more training in telepractice to enable them to provide better services. Conclusion: Malaysian SLPs demonstrated great commitment towards service provision during the pandemic, similar to SLPs in other nations. It is hoped that Malaysian SLPs continue to have positive attitudes toward telepractice with increased familiarity, use, and training. Telepractice services, undoubtedly, are here to stay.

The ability to comprehensively characterize exposures and immune responses to viral infections will be critical to better understanding human health and disease. We previously described the VirScan system, a phage-display based technology for profiling antibody binding to a comprehensive library of peptides designed to represent the human virome. The previous VirScan analytical approach did not fully account for disproportionate representation of viruses in the library or for antibody cross-reactivity among sequences shared by related viruses. Here we present the AntiViral Antibody Response Deconvolution Algorithm (AVARDA), a multi-module software package for analyzing VirScan datasets. AVARDA provides a probabilistic assessment of infection at species-level resolution by considering alignment of all library peptides to each other and to all human viruses. We employed AVARDA to analyze VirScan data from a cohort of encephalitis patients with either known viral infections or undiagnosed etiologies. By comparing acute and convalescent sera, AVARDA successfully confirmed or detected antibody responses to human herpesviruses 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6, thereby improving the rate of diagnosing viral encephalitis in this cohort by 62.5%. We further assessed AVARDAs utility in the setting of an epidemiological study, demonstrating its ability to determine infections acquired in a child followed prospectively from infancy. We consider ways in which AVARDAs conceptual framework may be further developed in the future and describe how its analyses may be extended beyond investigations of viral infection. AVARDA, in combination with VirScan and other pan-pathogen serological techniques, is likely to find broad utility in the epidemiology and diagnosis of infectious diseases.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a lifelong and recurrent illness, such that many individuals require multiple courses of antidepressant medication treatment. While some patients respond completely to each course of treatment, many do not, and with each unsuccessful antidepressant trial the likelihood that a patient will respond decreases. This raises the possibility that neurophysiologic response in subsequent antidepressant treatment may be influenced by learning processes including sensitization, habituation, and/or classical conditioning. Classical conditioning would entail the association of cues such as pill-taking (conditioned stimuli; CS) with the effects of active medication (unconditioned stimulus; US), such that later presentation of the CS alone would come to elicit a conditioned response (CR). Such effects could be revealed by blinded administration of placebo following a period of treatment with active medication. Habituation effects (tolerance), or sensitization effects (increased response), which require only repeated exposure to a stimulus, might be evidenced after repeated courses of antidepressant treatment. Knowledge of how learning processes impact neurophysiologic response to successive courses of antidepressant treatment would have relevance for clinical populations. Specific hypotheses, however, may be tested in healthy non-clinical samples to avoid potential confounding factors related to severity or chronicity of illness. Learning theories would suggest two hypotheses: (1) neurophysiologic response to placebo will differ between subjects who were previously treated with antidepressant treatment as compared to placebo (classical conditioning hypothesis); and (2) neurophysiologic response to an initial course of antidepressant treatment will differ from response to a repeated course of antidepressant treatment. Pilot data addressed these hypotheses in healthy never-depressed women who had previously received four weeks of venlafaxine IR, 150 mg (antidepressant-experienced subjects; n=2) or matching placebo (antidepressant-naive subjects; n=4) under double-blind conditions. Six-and-a-half years later, we treated these six women with placebo for one week, followed by four weeks of double-blind treatment with venlafaxine IR, 150 mg. Brain functional changes over the course of treatment were assessed using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) to compare prefrontal neurophysiologic responses between subjects who had, versus had not, previously been exposed to venlafaxine. Antidepressant-experienced versus antidepressant-naive subjects showed greater decreases in prefrontal cordance (PFC) during venlafaxine administration (sensitization hypothesis) but did not show significantly different PFC changes during treatment with placebo in this small pilot sample (classical conditioning hypothesis). Data suggest that brief treatment with antidepressant medication may have an enduring impact on neurophysiologic responses to a subsequent course of antidepressant treatment. Hypotheses should be tested in larger samples.

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Sarcoptic mange is an important zoonotic parasite affecting camel production. Mange zoonosis in camels is complicated by scarcity of available data. One of the main strategies for disease control is early detection of the parasite combined with prevention/control of the major risk factors associated with the infection. The present study focused on the prevalence of sarcoptic mange in camels from Egypt together with a histopathological examination of the parasite and association of the major risk factors, to describe the epidemiological pattern of the disease. Our data demonstrate that 47.6% of the camels harbored sarcoptic mange infections. In addition, the animals exhibited obvious clinical signs of mange and numerous histopathological findings that are consistent with sarcoptic mange. The camels age, gender and sampling season were found to be the most significant risk factors associated with the disease. Taken together, our epidemiological and histopathological data are consistent with sarcoptic mange being widespread among camels in the studied area. Our study suggests further research is needed for management of this zoonotic disease in Egypt. ABSTRACT: Mange has been considered one of the most common parasitic infestations among camels. It adversely impacts animal productivity and poses a risk to human health. Given the scarcity of available data about mange in camels, the current study focused on the prevalence of camel mange and its associated risk factors in Aswan Governorate, Egypt. Towards this end, a general visual inspection was conducted on camels (N = 210) in different markets and slaughterhouses in Aswan Governorate. Skin scrapings from suspect infected camels were also examined microscopically. Importantly, these findings were further checked and confirmed by histopathology on samples from suspected cases collected post-slaughter in abattoirs. The possible risk-associated factors, which include the camels age, sex and sampling season, were recorded and statistically analyzed. Interestingly, the data showed that a total of 100 camels (47.6%) were found exclusively infested by sarcoptic mange. Furthermore, the predominant histopathological changes included burrowing tunnel of mites in the skin, hyperkeratosis and acanthosisconsis of the epidermis, while the dermis showed hemorrhage, mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration around the blood vessels and perifolliculitis. These major histopathological findings are consistent with sarcoptic mange. Furthermore, the statistical analysis of the possible associated risk factors, camels age (p = 0.006), gender (p = 0.032) and sampling season (p = 0.004), were all found to be significantly affected and related to the disease. In this regard, camels 2 years old were found at higher risk of infection (odds ratio (OR) = 2.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.345 to 5.604) versus younger animals (OR = 0.36; 95 CI, 0.1784 to 0.743). Females had higher odds of exposure (OR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.096 to 3.708) compared to males (OR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.269 to 0.912). Moreover, the exposure to infection was reported higher in winter (OR = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.297 to 4.098) than in summer (OR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.244 to 0.771). Collectively, our data provide novel epidemiological and histopathological support for sarcoptic mange being widespread among camels in the studied area. Sarcoptic mange is extremely contagious and zoonotic. Therefore, our baseline investigation indicates an urgent need for additional multicenter-studies to investigate the occurrence of this disease in camels and humans combined with the appropriate control measures of camel importation for combating this disease.

BACKGROUND: One of the most difficult public policy decisions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has been about how to offer K-12 instruction. We sought to determine whether differences in instruction types at the beginning of the 2020-2021 school year were related to differences in COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in Illinois counties during the first three weeks of the school year. METHODS: We divided Illinois counties into three groups based on the instruction type used for a majority of K-12 students at the start of the school year: in-person, hybrid, or online-only. We used synthetic control analysis to match counties between the three groups. RESULTS: Both majority hybrid and majority online-only counties had significantly fewer new cases than majority in-person counties. There were no significant differences in new cases between majority hybrid counties and majority online-only counties or in new hospital admissions or deaths between any of the three county groups. CONCLUSIONS: This paper adds to the growing scientific consensus that at least some forms of in-person K-12 instruction have not contributed significantly to the spread of the pandemic. However, our results suggest that there may be an important difference between fully in-person instruction and hybrid instruction.

OBJECTIVE/PURPOSE: To examine the effect of delay in care on visual acuity in patients requiring intravitreal injections. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS: Patients aged 18 or older with DME and/or PDR, nAMD, or RVO scheduled to be seen by a retina specialist during the mandated lock down period from March 14 - May 4, 2020 (COVID-19 period) and who had received an intravitreal injection in the 12 weeks prior. METHODS: Chart review was performed and demographics, ophthalmic diagnoses, procedures performed, and visual acuity at all visits were recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity in patients who completed, canceled, and no-showed for the COVID-19 period visit. RESULTS: Of the 1,041 total patients in this study, 620 (60%) completed the scheduled visit, while 376 (36%) canceled and 45 (4%) were no-shows. In patients who missed the scheduled visit, the average delay in care was 5.34 weeks. In those who missed a visit, the visual acuity was assessed at the subsequent visit. Patients who canceled a visit were older, and patients who no-showed had lower baseline vision [mean EDTRS letters (SE); no-show: 53.27 (3.21), canceled: 60.79 (1.11), completed: 62.81 (0.84), p=0.0101] and were more likely to have DME and/or PDR [no-show: 13 (29%), canceled: 56 (16%), completed: 81 (13%), p=0.0456]. Patients who missed a visit lost more vision as compared to the patients who completed the scheduled visit [no-show: -5.024 (1.88), canceled: -1.633 (0.65), completed: 0.373 (0.50), p=0.0028]. In particular, patients with DME and/or PDR [- 3.48 (1.95) vs 2.71 (1.75) letters, p=0.0203] and RVO [-3.22 (1.41) vs 0.95 (1.23) letters, p=0.0230], and to lesser degree with nAMD [-1.23 (0.70) vs -0.24 (0.56) letters, p=0.2679], lost vision compared to patients with same diagnoses who completed the scheduled visit. CONCLUSIONS: In patients requiring intravitreal injections, a delay in care of 5.34 weeks resulted in vision loss. It was seen in all patients but was more prominent in DME and/or PDR and RVO patients. Further studies are necessary to examine whether these vision changes persist over a longer duration of time.

COVID-19 has spread to most countries in the world. However, there are differences in the rate of infection in different countries. Specifically, high incidence was reported in specific areas in China (Wuhan) and Italy (Lombardy). These differences may be related to different Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) patterns in various geographic areas. We suggest HLA spreading between Italy and China is related to the travels of Marco Polo through the Silk Road as a potential historic explanation to COVID-19 spreading.

Background: The immunological changes associated with COVID-19 are largely unknown. Methods: Patients with COVID-19 showing moderate (n = 18; SpO2 > 93%, respiratory rate > 22 per minute, CRP > 10 mg/L) and severe (n = 23; SpO(2) < 93%, respiratory rate >30 per minute, PaO(2)/FiO(2) 300 mmHg, permanent oxygen therapy, qSOFA > 2) infection, and 37 healthy donors (HD) were enrolled. Circulating T- and B-cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: CD4+Th cells were skewed toward Th2-like phenotypes within CD45RA+CD62L? (CM) and CD45RACCD62L? (EM) cells in patients with severe COVID-19, while CM CCR6+ Th17-like cells were decreased if compared with HD. Within CM Th17-like cells classical Th17-like cells were increased and Th17.1-like cells were decreased in severe COVID-19 cases. Circulating CM follicular Th-like (Tfh) cells were decreased in all COVID-19 patients, and Tfh17-like cells represented the most predominant subset in severe COVID-19 cases. Both groups of patients showed increased levels of IgD-CD38++ B cells, while the levels of IgD+CD38? and IgDCCD38? were decreased. The frequency of IgD+CD27+ and IgDCCD27+ B cells was significantly reduced in severe COVID-19 cases. Conclusions: We showed an imbalance within almost all circulating memory Th subsets during acute COVID-19 and showed that altered Tfh polarization led to a dysregulated humoral immune response.

COVID-19 presents with a wide range of severity, from asymptomatic in some individuals to fatal in others. Based on a study of over one million 23andMe research participants, we report genetic and non-genetic associations with testing positive for COVID-19, respiratory symptoms, and hospitalization. Risk factors for hospitalization include advancing age, male sex, elevated body mass index, lower socio-economic status, non-European ancestry, and pre-existing cardio-metabolic and respiratory conditions. Using trans-ethnic genome-wide association studies, we identify a strong association between blood type and COVID-19 diagnosis, as well as a gene-rich locus on chr3p21.31 that is more strongly associated with outcome severity. While non-European ancestry was found to be a significant risk factor for hospitalization after adjusting for socio-demographics and pre-existing health conditions, we did not find evidence that these two primary genetic associations explain differences between populations in terms of risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes.