Humid heat impacts a large portion of the world's population that works outdoors. Previous studies have quantified humid heat impacts on labor productivity by relying on exposure response functions that are based on uncontrolled experiments under a limited range of heat and humidity. Here we use the latest empirical model, based on a wider range of temperatures and humidity, for studying the impact of humid heat and recent climate change on labor productivity. We show that globally, humid heat may currently be associated with over 650 billion hours of annual lost labor (148 million full time equivalent jobs lost), 400 billion hours more than previous estimates. These differences in labor loss estimates are comparable to losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Globally, annual heat-induced labor productivity losses are estimated at 2.1 trillion in 2017 PPP$, and in several countries are equivalent to more than 10% of gross domestic product. Over the last four decades, global heat-related labor losses increased by at least 9% (>60 billion hours annually using the new empirical model) highlighting that relatively small changes in climate (<0.5 degrees C) can have large impacts on global labor and the economy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Juvenile angiofibromas are hypervascular tumors that may benefit from preoperative devascularization to reduce intraoperative blood loss. Our purpose was to evaluate the extent of angiographic devascularization and intraoperative blood loss by using only Onyx for percutaneous juvenile angiofibroma tumor embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the clinical records and preoperative and postoperative imaging studies of a consecutive series of 9 patients with juvenile angiofibromas who were treated with preoperative embolization with direct percutaneous injection of Onyx followed by resection from a standard open surgical or endoscopic approach. RESULTS Two Fisch type I, 1 Fisch type II, 5 Fisch type IIIa, and 1 Fisch type IVa tumor were treated. Complete devascularization was achieved in all cases percutaneously with only Onyx. There were no complications. The average intraoperative blood loss was 567.7 mL (range, 10-1700 mL). An average of 2.2 needles (range, 1-5 needles) was placed into the tumor. An average of 14.6 mL of Onyx (range, 2-25 mL) was injected into each tumor. Four Fisch type IIIa tumors were removed completely from only an ENE approach. CONCLUSIONS Presurgical direct percutaneous embolization of a juvenile angiofibroma with only EVOH before surgical resection is safe and feasible. Our preliminary experience suggests that Onyx may offer a higher degree of devascularization compared with other embolic agents. This may facilitate an easier surgical resection with lower blood loss.

The period during and after World War II saw enormous changes in the practice and status of anaesthesia, as well as in female participation. This article offers an account of three South African (SA) women who trained in anaesthetics before and during the War and participated in these changes. By the mid-1960s, they presided over the three independent anaesthetic departments at Johannesburg's three main teaching hospitals, teaching generations of junior doctors. The first woman to register as a specialist anaesthetist in SA, Miriam (Mollie) Barlow, broke the glass ceiling in her own career by lobbying for the professional rights of medical women, although working within the constraints of the medical and political establishment. She also contributed to important SA research on malignant hyperthermia. Hilde Ginsberg collaborated with Barlow in the 1950s, reducing intraoperative and perioperative mortality at Coronation Hospital, and fought for key interventions in anaesthetic practice and policy through the South African Society of Anaesthetists (SASA), becoming its most long-serving and honoured female member. Kathleen Barbara Vetten's exemplary career in academic medicine, including pioneering animal research (developing anaesthetic techniques for open-heart surgery in dogs and protocols for liver transplantation in primates) and a successful operation to separate craniopagus twins, shows both the achievement of and limits to female achievement at the end of this period. This article also offers a short account of factors that hindered black women from entering anaesthesia training, contributing to this history before the 1990s.

Tuberculosis (TB), is an ancient disease that probably affects humans since pre-hominids. This disease is caused by bacteria belonging to the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and usually affects the lungs in up to 67% of cases. In 2019, there were estimated to be over 10 million tuberculosis cases in the world, in the same year TB was between the ten leading causes of death, and the deadliest from a single infectious agent. Chest X-ray (CXR) has recently been promoted by the WHO as a tool possibly placed early in screening and triaging algorithms for TB detection. Numerous TB prevalence surveys have demonstrated that CXR is the most sensitive screening tool for pulmonary TB and that a significant proportion of people with TB are asymptomatic in the early stages of the disease. This study presents experimentation of classic convolutional neural network architectures on public CRX databases in order to create a tool applied to the diagnostic aid of TB in chest X-ray images. As result the study has an AUC ranging from 0.78 to 0.84, sensitivity from 0.76 to 0.86 and specificity from 0.58 to 0.74 depending on the network architecture. The observed performance by these metrics alone are within the range of metrics found in the literature, although there is much room for metrics improvement and bias avoiding. Also, the usage of the model in a triage use-case could be used to validate the efficiency of the model in the future.

This paper rehearses reflections on spaces of hospitality and hostility, from the pandemic development generated by Covid-19 The virus is the foreigner who, disrespecting any rites and hospitality relations, imposes itself, altering and subverting everyday scenes The responses to these changes are the most diverse and revealing of our humanity In labor relations, there have been changes that may last after the pandemic period The virus is an unwanted guest that exposes us and that changes our relationships with our body, with others and with space

The global rise of COVID-19 health risk has triggered the related misinformation infodemic. We present the first analysis of COVID-19 misinformation networks and determine few of its implications. Firstly, we analyze the spread trends of COVID-19 misinformation and discover that the COVID-19 misinformation statistics are well fitted by a log-normal distribution. Secondly, we form misinformation networks by taking individual misinformation as a node and similarity between misinformation nodes as links, and we decipher the laws of COVID-19 misinformation network evolution: (1) We discover that misinformation evolves to optimize the network information transfer over time with the sacrifice of robustness. (2) We demonstrate the co-existence of fit get richer and rich get richer phenomena in misinformation networks. (3) We show that a misinformation network evolution with node deletion mechanism captures well the public attention shift on social media. Lastly, we present a network science inspired deep learning framework to accurately predict which Twitter posts are likely to become central nodes (i.e., high centrality) in a misinformation network from only one sentence without the need to know the whole network topology. With the network analysis and the central node prediction, we propose that if we correctly suppress certain central nodes in the misinformation network, the information transfer of network would be severely impacted.

Science diplomacy is a fast-growing field of research, policy, and practice dedicated to understanding and reinforcing the connections between science and international affairs to tackle national, regional, and global issues. By aligning science and diplomacy, countries can attract talent, strengthen their national research ecosystems, provide avenues for participation of scientists in policy, and coordinate integrated solutions to challenges with technical dimensions. While Latin America has a long tradition of bilateral and regional cooperation, science still plays a marginal role in foreign policy, as has become evidenced by the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. With few exceptions, Latin American nations have a relatively immature science, technology, and innovation ecosystem, compounded by low public and private investments in research, coexisting with profound socio-economic inequalities, and large vulnerable populations. Such challenging conditions have created barriers to a fluid relationship between science and diplomacy, fundamentally characterized by inefficient communication between scientists and policymakers, weak collaboration channels, and duplicated roles, which altogether perpetuate siloed mentalities and a lack of trust between the two communities. Over the last decade, a first influential wave of Latin American scientists, diplomats, and other professionals, including five of the co-authors, have undertaken science diplomacy training provided by specialized organizations. Through these experiences, we recognized the need to elevate awareness and build capacities in science diplomacy in our respective countries and overall, across Latin America. Here, we describe emerging efforts and mechanisms to bridge the gap between scientists and policymakers at the national and regional level. Furthermore, we offer recommendations to amplify the impact of those pioneering initiatives toward consolidating a robust science diplomacy practice across the region. The national experiences described from Costa Rica, Mexico, and Panama can serve as a roadmap for other Latin American nations in the early process of developing a science diplomacy strategy, so they can also align themselves to a collective pathway. Most critically, we propose a way forward so that Latin America can leapfrog beyond disjointed training of individuals into integrated institutional strategies that can harness the tools of science diplomacy to enhance science-informed multilateral cooperation and enable more effective science-informed policymaking.

ABSTRACT: Collective wisdom is the ability of a group to perform more effectively than any individual alone. Through an evolutionary game-theoretic model of collective prediction, we investigate the role that reinforcement learning stimulus may play the role in enhancing collective voting accuracy. And collective voting bias can be dismissed through self-reinforcing global cooperative learning. Numeric simulations suggest that the provided method can increase collective voting accuracy. We conclude that real-world systems might seek reward-based incentive mechanism as an alternative to surmount group decision error. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]

The worldwide outbreak of the COVID-19 has significantly increased the fear of individuals, which brings severe psychosocial stress and adverse psychological consequences, and become a serious public health problem Based on the imprinting theory, this study investigates whether childhood experiences of SARS have an imprinting effect that significantly influences the fear of COVID-19 Furthermore, we propose that this effect is contingent on the applications of AI and big data We test our framework with a sample of 1,871 questionnaires that covered students in universities across all provincial regions in China, and the results suggest that the imprinting of SARS increases the individuals fear of COVID-19, and this effect is reduced with the applications of AI and big data Overall, this study provides a novel insight of the fear caused by the childhood experience of the similar health crisis and the unique role of AI and big data applications into fighting against COVID-19

Background: Current evidence suggests an important role of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) pathway in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related cytokine release storm in severely ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients Inhibition of the IL-6 pathway with tocilizumab has been employed successfully in some of these patients but the data is mostly consistent of case reports and series

Molecular studies on viral diseases in wildlife are limited in Turkey. Pestiviruses infect domestic animals such as pig, cattle, sheep, goats and many other wild ungulates. Cross-species transmission of pestiviruses between wildlife and domestic livestock is a subject of recent concern where wild ungulates are in close contact with domestic ruminants. The International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV) has named the genus Pestivirus, which belongs to the Flaviviridae family, using the format Pestivirus A, Pestivirus B, Pestivirus C, and so on. Pestivirus A-D replaces Bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 (BVDV-2), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and Border disease virus (BDV) respectively. During the 2013C2014 hunting season, a total of 40 samples were collected from wild boars (Sus scrofa ferus) in the area of Western Mediterranean Turkey. In the samples, nucleic acids were investigated for pestivirus, Aujeszkys disease virus, Borna disease virus, coronavirus, mastadenovirus and rotavirus. RT-PCR was performed using primary sets to detect specific partial gene region specific to each virus. Sequence analysis was performed on a positive sample. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the positive sample, TR/Burdur/13/Boar3, belonged to BDV genotype 1 (Pestivirus D). The first molecular findings of BDV in wild boars in Turkey are reported in this study. This study highlights the importance of further research into diseases that might be transmitted from wild boars to ruminants in Turkey.

The recent approval and distribution of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been a major development in the fight against the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The first two vaccines approved in the United States, mRNA-1273, and BNT162b2, are both messenger RNA (mRNA) based and highly effective in immunocompetent persons, but efficacy in patients on immunosuppressants has not been established. Additionally, data suggests these patients are less likely than immunocompetent people to develop neutralizing antibodies after COVID-19 infection. Given the high risk of poor outcomes in organ transplant and immunosuppressed patients, effective vaccination is paramount in this group. We present the first reported case of a solid organ transplant patient who failed to achieve seroconversion after two doses of mRNA vaccine. This case has significant implications about how immunosuppressed patients should be counseled about SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and the protection provided. Physicians should remain clinically suspicious for infection with SARS-CoV-2 despite vaccination status in solid organ transplant patients.

Beyond Covid\19, there is a growing interest in what economic structures will be needed to face ongoing pandemics. In this paper, we focus on the diagnostic problem and examine a new paradigm of voluntary self\testing by private individuals. We develop a dynamic model where individuals without symptoms face daily choices of either taking the risk of going out (to work and socialize), staying at home in self\isolation, or using a test to verify whether they are infected before going out. Our central insight is that the equilibrium public infection risk falls when home\based testing becomes cheaper and easier to use, even if they generate both false\positive (type I error) and false\negative (type II error) test outcomes. We also show that the presence of na?ve individuals actually reduces the equilibrium infection risk in the economy. Overall our model shows that, even if inaccurate, home\based tests are vital for an economy facing an ongoing pandemic.

Aim: Current blood monitoring methods require sample collection and testing at a central lab, which can take days. Point of care (POC) devices with quick turnaround time can provide an alternative with faster results, allowing for real-time data leading to better treatment decisions for patients. Results/Methodology: An assay to measure monoclonal antibody therapeutic-A was developed on two POC devices. Data generated using 75 serum samples (65 clinical & ten spiked samples) show correlative results to the data generated using Gyrolab technology. Conclusion: This case study uses a monoclonal antibody therapeutic-A concentration assay as an example to demonstrate the potential of POC technologies as a viable alternative to central lab testing with quick results allowing for real-time decision-making.

Introduction LOrganisation mondiale de la sant recommande les enqutes de sroprvalence sur un chantillon alatoire de la population afin de prciser les connaissances sur ltendue de la circulation du SARS-CoV-2 et dvaluer limmunit acquise dune population. La connaissance des facteurs associs un rsultat positif dans les enqutes srologiques samliore, cependant certains lments doivent tre tudis davantage, comme leffet de lage ou du statut socioconomique dfavoris, ainsi que la capacit de neutralisation du SARS-CoV-2 par les anticorps, corrle la protection immunitaire contre linfection. Lobjectif gnral de cette tude tait destimer la prvalence des srologies positives anti-SARS-CoV-2, par dtection danticorps IgT-totales (IgM/IgA/IgG) dans la population de la Mtropole du Grand Nancy (MGN). Mthodes Au total, 6094 individus identifis par tirage au sort stratifi sur les zones IRIS de la MGN ont t invits avec tous les membres de leur foyer, ags de plus de 5 ans, une visite ralise entre le 26 juin et le 24 juillet 2020. Cette visite incluait le remplissage dun questionnaire explorant les caractristiques sociodmographiques et le niveau de prcarit sociale, mdicale, les contacts potentiels avec le virus de la COVID-19, les sympt?mes en cas dpisode voqu ou confirm de COVID-19 et la ralisation dun prlvement sanguin. Un test ELISA (Bio-rad) a t utilis pour dtecter les anticorps anti-SARS-CoV-2 (IgT, cest--dire IgA/IgG/IgM). Les chantillons de srum ont t classs en fonction de lactivit de sroneutralisation>50 % (NT50). Chaque zone IRIS a t associe au score EDI (indice cologique de dfavorisation sociale). Rsultats Parmi les 2006 participants ags de 5 95 ans dont 55 % de femmes et 148 mineurs, 21 % taient considrs en ? prcarit sociale ? (score Epices>30). Quarante-trois taient sropositifs au SARS-CoV-2 soit une sroprvalence brute de 2,1 % (IC95 % [1,5C2,9]) et de 2,30 % aprs standardisation selon lage et le sexe en France. Elle tait plus leve pour les 20C34 ans (4,7 %, IC95 % [2,3C8,4]), dans les EDI associs niveau socioconomique infrieur (2,7 % pour quintiles 3-4-5 contre 1 % pour les quintiles 1C2, p =0,02) et la propagation de linfection intra-mnage tait significative (p <10?6). Cependant, elle ntait pas significativement plus faible chez les personnes en situation de prcarit sociale (1,0 % pour les scores EPICES>30 contre 2,5 % sinon, p =0,09) ; 25 % des individus (IC95 % [23C27]) ont dclar au moins un sympt?me de la COVID-19, lanosmie ou lagueusie tant le sympt?me le plus discriminant (OR=27,8, IC=[13,9C54,5]) ; 16,3 % des personnes sropositives taient asymptomatiques. Pour 31/43 (72 %, [56C85]) sropositifs, la dtection des anticorps a t associe une activit de neutralisation du SARS-CoV-2 dmontre in vitro au laboratoire. Conclusion Cette tude met en vidence une trs faible prvalence des srologies positives anti-SARS-CoV-2, lors de la premire vague laissant supposer un effet bnfique du confinement, avec une sroneutralisation frquente du SRAS-CoV-2 chez les patients IgT-positifs. Des tudes supplmentaires ralises sur des populations varies devront prciser la dure de persistance de cette neutralisation srique, sa corrlation avec la protection des individus contre linfection et/ou la svrit de la maladie COVID-19, et une ventuelle protection croise contre des souches de SARS-CoV-2 qui voluent sur le plan gntique.

Cancer immunotherapy is a promising approach for cancer therapy but is usually hindered by the inhibition of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, we developed a cell membrane vehicle (CV) to co-deliver doxorubicin (Dox) and sorafenib (Sfn) as a drug delivery system (CV/D-S) to regulate the TME and sensitize the immunogenic cell death (ICD)-induced immune response against tumors. The CV/D-S showed high stability, acid-responsive drug release, high biocompatibility with tumor-specific cellular uptake, and target-ability that preferably resulted in the in vitro and in vivo anticancer performance. Most importantly, the Dox in the DDS can induce significant ICD while Sfn was able to remodel the TME, downregulate Treg, activate effector T cells and relieve programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression. As a result, the synergistic effect of Dox and Sfn achieved strong immune response in CV/D-S treated mice, which is believed to open a new window for the design and development of future platforms for the more effective immunotherapy of cancer.

Hostile media perception (HMP) theory suggests that partisans perceive neutral coverage of news by outlets opposite to their political leaning as biased against their side. We conducted two pre-registered online experiments to assess the effect of HMP on news bias and news sharing intentions regarding two salient and controversial topics in the US: police conduct (Study 1, N = 817) and COVID-19 norms (Study 2, N = 819). Results show that partisans perceive neutral coverage of news by outlets opposite to their political leaning as biased, even when we account for their prior beliefs regarding the media outlet and news content. However, HMP seems to be limited in its consequences, as it has little impact on partisans' willingness to share news from outlets of opposite political leaning, even though the news is perceived as biased.

BACKGROUND: The literature demonstrates that working in a crisis line volunteer role, despite being rewarding, poses a risk of adverse effects on health and additional pressure exists with the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this, there is limited research on the experiences of such volunteers. AIMS: This study aimed to explore the experiences of Samaritans volunteers in Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic, thereby contributing to the overall knowledge of crisis line volunteering, and gaining an understanding of how this role is impacted by the pandemic. METHOD: A qualitative approach was taken, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with volunteers from Samaritans branches in Ireland (n = 13). Data were then analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four overarching themes were identified: (1) responding to calls in the context of COVID-19, with sub-themes being change in the nature of calls, reliance on existing approach in handling calls and varying emotional responses to calls, (2) sense of loss, with sub-themes being loss of older and vulnerable volunteers, reduced social connectedness and restricted aspects of the service, (3) positive experiences, with sub-themes being supportive culture, new personal skills and perspectives and volunteering as an escape from lockdown and (4) adaptation challenges, with sub-themes being logistical changes and concern for sustainability of the service. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight important insights into the experiences of Samaritans volunteers in Ireland, revealing that the pandemic brought about challenges, but also gave rise to some positive experiences. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the existing literature and recommendations made.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) is a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children that resembles Kawasaki syndrome and places them at high risk of cardiorespiratory instability and/or cardiac damage. This study aims to describe the clinical presentation and outcomes of patients with PIMS in Mexico City. METHODS: This was an observational study of children hospitalized for PIMS based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case definition criteria, in a single tertiary care pediatric center in Mexico City between May 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021. Demographic characteristics, epidemiological data, medical history, laboratory tests, cardiologic evaluations, treatment, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Seventy-five cases fulfilled the case definition criteria for PIMS [median age: 10.9 years, Interquartile range (IQR): 5.6C15.6]. Fifteen (20%) patients had a severe underlying disease, 48 (64%) were admitted to the intensive care unit, 33 (44%) required invasive mechanical ventilation and 39 (52%) received vasopressor support. The patients were clustered through latent class analysis based on identified symptoms: Cluster 1 had rash or gastrointestinal symptoms (n = 60) and cluster 2 were those with predominantly respiratory manifestations (n = 15). Two patients (2.7%) died, and both had severe underlying conditions. Five patients (6.7%), all from cluster 1, developed coronary aneurysms. CONCLUSION: There were a high proportion of patients with severe respiratory involvement and positive RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 and very few cases of coronary aneurysms in our study which suggests that a high proportion of the children had severe acute COVID-19. The clinical manifestations and outcomes are comparable to previously reported international studies.

According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendations, washing hands frequently with soap and water for 20 seconds is an effective way to prevent COVID-19 infection Every Muslim is obliged to perform ablution before prayers Wash your hands up to your wrists once, rinse your mouth and nose three times each, wash face from head to chin twice and hands from elbow to fingertips once, and anoint part of the head and legs However, in each complete ablution, washing is performed 10 times, and in each day, 30 times This wash cannot replace the WHO guidelines, but it can be effective in preventing COVID-19 infection