BACKGROUND: Feline leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is often associated with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection; however, the role and clinical significance of this coinfection remain unknown. This study aimed to assess whether FIV is associated with L. infantum infection in cats from canine leishmaniosis endemic areas and to report the clinical signs and hematological alterations associated with coinfection. METHODS: A retrospective matched case-control study (ratio 1:2) was conducted. Data of clinical examination and complete blood count (CBC) were selected from a cohort of 705 cats examined for epidemiological studies on feline leishmaniosis conducted between 2012 and 2019. Ninety-one FIV seropositive cases and 182 FIV seronegative control cats were selected. Matching was done according to age, sex, lifestyle and geographic provenience of case cats. Rapid ELISA devices were mainly used to detect anti-FIV antibodies. Anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies were detected by indirect-immunofluorescence test (IFAT). Leishmania DNA was searched in blood, oral and conjunctival swabs by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: Feline immunodeficiency virus seropositive cats had no hematological abnormalities suggestive of an advanced stage of FIV infection and were statistically more frequently IFAT positive, and their risk of being L. infantum antibody positive was 2.8 greater than in the FIV seronegatives. The association of FIV seropositivity with L. infantum antibody positivity was confirmed in the univariable model of logistic regression. A multivariate model found FIV infection and L. infantum PCR positivity as predictors of a positive L. infantum IFAT result. Male outdoor cats from rural or suburban areas were at risk for FIV and L. infantum antibody positivity. Clinical signs more frequently associated with the coinfection were oral lesions, pale mucous membranes and low body condition score (BCS). CONCLUSIONS: This study documents that FIV seropositive cats with no hematological abnormalities suggestive of an advanced stage of FIV infection are more prone to be L. infantum seroreactive by IFAT in endemic areas. Therefore, FIV seropositive cats should be tested for L. infantum antibodies and treated for preventing sand fly bites. Pale mucous membranes, low BCS and oral lesions but no CBC abnormalities were significantly associated with the coinfection. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05230-w.

Since it was discovered at the end of 2019;the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made a serious public health threat worldwide, with over 175 million confirmed cases reported globally. Even when COVID-19 was initially considered a respiratory disease, it was actually known to be multisystemic, with gastrointestinal involvement a common clinical finding. Furthermore, COVID-19 may affect patients with gastrointestinal comorbidities, being the clinical intersectionality of utmost interest for gastroenterologists;critical care physicians and all the healthcare team taking care of COVID-19 patients. The present article presents a brief review of the reported gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 disease in both previously healthy individuals and in patients with gastrointestinal comorbidities. ? 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine measles immunisation and supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs) in most countries including Kenya. We assessed the risk of measles outbreaks during the pandemic in Kenya as a case study for the African Region. METHODS: Combining measles serological data, local contact patterns, and vaccination coverage into a cohort model, we predicted the age-adjusted population immunity in Kenya and estimated the probability of outbreaks when contact-reducing COVID-19 interventions are lifted. We considered various scenarios for reduced measles vaccination coverage from April 2020. RESULTS: In February 2020, when a scheduled SIA was postponed, population immunity was close to the herd immunity threshold and the probability of a large outbreak was 34% (8C54). As the COVID-19 contact restrictions are nearly fully eased, from December 2020, the probability of a large measles outbreak will increase to 38% (19C54), 46% (30C59), and 54% (43C64) assuming a 15%, 50%, and 100% reduction in measles vaccination coverage. By December 2021, this risk increases further to 43% (25C56), 54% (43C63), and 67% (59C72) for the same coverage scenarios respectively. However, the increased risk of a measles outbreak following the lifting of all restrictions can be overcome by conducting a SIA with 95% coverage in under-fives. CONCLUSION: While contact restrictions sufficient for SAR-CoV-2 control temporarily reduce measles transmissibility and the risk of an outbreak from a measles immunity gap, this risk rises rapidly once these restrictions are lifted. Implementing delayed SIAs will be critical for prevention of measles outbreaks given the roll-back of contact restrictions in Kenya. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12916-021-01906-9.

We evaluated the statewide burden of obesity and its complications among government and state funded programs (Medicare and Medicaid) and commercial insurance.We calculated the prevalence of obesity and the prevalence of relevant comorbidities among different demographic groups and based on health insurance, among adults (18-65 years old) who visited a statewide health network in the state of Rhode Island, in 2017.The overall prevalence of obesity among 74,089 individuals was 38.88% [Asians 16.77%, Whites 37.49%, Hispanics 44.23%, and Blacks 48.44%]. Medicare or Medicaid beneficiaries were 26% and 27%, respectively, more likely to have obesity than those who had commercial insurance (Odds Ratio:1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.20-1.32; Odds Ratio:1.27, 95%CI:1.22-1.32). Moreover, Medicaid and Medicare beneficiaries with obesity had a higher prevalence of diabetes compared with privately insured with obesity (10.58% and 10.44% vs 4.45%). Medicare beneficiaries with obesity had a statistically higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease (4.34%, 95%CI: 3.77-4.91) than privately insured (3.21%, 95%CI: 2.94-3.47).Based on statewide data among 18 to 65 years old adults, Medicare and Medicaid provide health coverage to 40% of individuals with obesity and 46% of those with the obesity-related comorbidities and complications. State and federal health care programs need to support and expand obesity-related services and coverage.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory rehabilitation is the use of exercise, education, and behavioural interventions to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. Recent studies highlight that respiratory rehabilitation is effective and safe for patients with COVID-19. We aim to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of respiratory telerehabilitation on patients infected with COVID-19 by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library databases will be searched from inception to the end of November 2021. Randomised controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of telerehabilitation in the management of COVID-19 will be included. The primary outcomes will be functional capacity, cardiopulmonary exercise tests and quality of life. Secondary outcomes will include anxiety/depression level, sleep quality, mortality rate, completion rate, reason for withdrawal, adverse events, service satisfaction, cost-effectiveness and other potential factors. Two reviewers will independently screen and extract data and perform quality assessment of included studies. The Cochrane risk of bias tool will be used to assess risk of bias. Review Manager V.5.4 (Cochrane Collaboration) software will be used for statistical analysis. Heterogeneity will be analysed using I2 statistics. Mean difference or standardised mean difference with 95% CI and p value will be used to calculate treatment effect for outcome variables. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required because this systematic review and meta-analysis is based on previously published data. Final result will be published in peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences and events. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021287975.

Multifocal pneumonia amidst this global pandemic is often attributed to COVID-19, resulting in missed diagnosis of other potentially fatal illnesses such as eosinophilic pneumonia. Eosinophilic pneumonia is often associated with antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A 65-year-old male presented to the emergency department for a four-day history of fatigue, cough, and worsening dyspnea; CT thorax showed extensive multifocal pneumonia, and COVID-19 was suspected. COVID-19 testing using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was negative, and complete blood count revealed peripheral eosinophilia, which is not expected in COVID-19. The patient was being treated concomitantly with daptomycin and ceftaroline for septic arthritis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. We reconsidered our initial diagnosis and held daptomycin, after which the patient started to improve. Due to hypoxia, steroids were added, which resulted in a dramatic improvement of the patient's symptoms. Daptomycin can have toxic effects, resulting in the accumulation of eosinophils in the lung parenchyma. Symptoms usually arise by the third week and include dyspnea, peripheral eosinophilia, and infiltrates involving the outer one-third of the lung fields. FDA drug safety guidance helped to establish this diagnosis. The treatment options include the removal of offending agents and steroids in severe cases.

Myeloma patients frequently respond poorly to bacterial and viral vaccination. A few studies have reported poor humoral immune responses in myeloma patients to COVID-19 vaccination. Using a prospective study of myeloma patients in UK Rudy Study cohort, we assessed humoral and Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) cellular immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination post second COVID-19 vaccine administration. We report data from 214 adults with myeloma (n=204) or smouldering myeloma (n=10) who provided blood samples at least 3 weeks after second vaccine dose. Positive Anti-Spike antibody levels (> 50 IU/ml) were detected in 189/203 (92.7%), positive IGRA responses were seen in 97/158 (61.4%) myeloma patients. Only 10/158 (6.3%) patients were identified to have both a negative IGRA and negative Anti-Spike protein antibody response. 95/158 (60.1%) patients produced positive results for both anti-Spike protein serology and IGRA. After adjusting for disease severity and myeloma therapy, poor humoral immune response was predicted by male gender. Predictors of poor IGRA included anti-CD38/ anti-BCMA therapy and Pfizer-BioNTech (PB) vaccination. Further work is required to understand the clinical significance of divergent cellular response to vaccination.

Run by the International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) and published by Springer Nature, Biophysical Reviews is an international journal dedicated to publishing topical review articles in the areas of (i) biology-related physics, (ii) structural biology, and (iii) molecular biology. This Editorial for Volume 13, Issue 2 of Biophysical Reviews provides a brief summary of the contents of the current Issue and then describes some matters important to the journal for 2021.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is associated with hypercoagulability and increased thrombotic risk in critically ill patients. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated whether aspirin use is associated with reduced risk of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and in-hospital mortality. METHODS: A retrospective, observational cohort study of adult patients admitted with COVID-19 to multiple hospitals in the United States between March 2020 and July 2020 was performed. The primary outcome was the need for mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were ICU admission and in-hospital mortality. Adjusted hazard ratios for study outcomes were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models after adjustment for the effects of demographics and co-morbid conditions. RESULTS: Four hundred twelve patients were included in the study. Three hundred fourteen patients (76.3%) did not receive aspirin, while 98 patients (23.7%) received aspirin within 24 hours of admission or 7 days prior to admission. Aspirin use had a crude association with less mechanical ventilation (35.7% aspirin vs. 48.4% non-aspirin, p=0.03) and ICU admission (38.8% aspirin vs. 51.0% non-aspirin, p=0.04), but no crude association with in-hospital mortality (26.5% aspirin vs. 23.2% non-aspirin, p=0.51). After adjusting for 8 confounding variables, aspirin use was independently associated with decreased risk of mechanical ventilation (adjusted HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37-0.85, p=0.007), ICU admission (adjusted HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.38-0.85, p=0.005), and in-hospital mortality (adjusted HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31-0.90, p=0.02). There were no differences in major bleeding (p=0.69) or overt thrombosis (p=0.82) between aspirin users and non-aspirin users. CONCLUSIONS: Aspirin use may be associated with improved outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. However, a sufficiently powered randomized controlled trial is needed to assess whether a causal relationship exists between aspirin use and reduced lung injury and mortality in COVID-19 patients.

It has long been proposed that perceptions of threat contribute to greater outgroup negativity. Much of the existing evidence on the threatCprejudice association in the real world, however, is cross\sectional in nature. Such designs do not adequately capture individual\level changes in constructs, and how changes in constructs relate to changes in other theoretically relevant constructs. The current research exploited the unique opportunity afforded by the mass COVID\19 vaccination programme in the United Kingdom to explore whether reductions in pathogen threat coincide with reductions in outgroup prejudice and avoidance. A two\wave longitudinal study (N (1) = 912, N (2) = 738) measured British adult's perceptions of COVID\19 threat and anti\immigrant bias before and during mass vaccine rollout in the United Kingdom. Tests of latent change models demonstrated that perceived COVID\19 threat significantly declined as the vaccine programme progressed, as did measures of outgroup avoidance tendencies, but not prejudiced attitudes. Critically, change in threat was systematically correlated with change in outgroup avoidance: those with greater reductions in perceived COVID\19 threat were, on average, those with greater reductions in outgroup avoidance. Findings provide important and novel insights into the implications of disease protection strategies for intergroup relations during an actual pandemic context, as it unfolds over time.

The excitement of travelling from hometown to a university, well dressed along with carrying notes and laptop, attending classes physically with friends has become a myth in year 2020 and perhaps until the end of the year 2021. COVID-19 has robbed the lifestyle of being a university student and transformed the learning system into online. However, from the perspective of digitalization, its an achievement but a sudden change has stirred many conflicts on the mental health of students in terms of accepting drastic movement taken by the university due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Academic performance of students is in limbo as they tend to avoiding registered for subjects due to lack of absorbance of changes in the mode of learning with limited facilities to support them along the way. In response, it gives monumental pressure to grasp the subjects via online where it can affect the academic performance of students. This study investigated the state of mind of students who are undergoing classes via online. As such, mental state, physical and ergonomic factors associating with academic background among students will be the focus of this study. Data had been collected from a private university in Malaysia by using online platform. We used non-parametric clustering technique K-medoids based on unsupervised approach and Davies-Bouldin Index to measure cluster quality. Though in the past a few researchers have investigated similar studies, there is no research work reported using the clustering technique to study the aforementioned factors. A total of 8 distinct clusters were obtained. The patterns in the clusters indicated that high mental stress, poor ergonomic settings, alongside high potential risk of injuries were present in students in the clusters regardless of academic background. In particular, the two groups of clusters namely C4, C5, C6, C7 and C1, C2 need immediate attention in respect of mental, health and pedagogy support. As of result, the management of university, family members and university stakeholders should play their part by providing students with psychological support, comfortable study workspace, appropriate pedagogy support. ? 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

BACKGROUND: Photo-otoscopy is a new service set up during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the view to minimise unnecessary appointments, protect vulnerable patients, and optimise efficiency of ENT-outpatient appointments. The objectives are to assess rate of diagnostic photos and investigate how to improve this service. METHOD: First cycle was performed between June and July and second cycle between October and December 2020. All patients attending Audiology who had a photo taken were included. Photos were analysed based on a number of variables to identify the proportion of diagnostic and non-diagnostic photos. First cycle highlighted a few changes to practice that were then instigated for second cycle. RESULTS: 324 patients and 232 patients were included in first and second cycle respectively. 17 operators/audiologists were involved. There is slight improvement in percentage of diagnostic photos in second cycle compared to first (30.6% to 31.9% in right ear and 23.5% to 35.8% in left ear). Percentages of non-diagnostic photos with blurriness as sole reason have increased compared to first cycle. Percentages of non-diagnostic photos with all 3 variables present have reduced significantly. Mean percentage of acceptable photos per operator have also improved. 8 out of 10 ENT consultants/registrars found the service useful. CONCLUSIONS: Rate of diagnostic photos remained low (<40%) despite implementation of changes to practice from first cycle. 38% of non-diagnostic photos were wax-related. There is significant variation in rate of diagnostic photos due to its operator-dependent nature. Given the expansion of telemedicine, there is definitely scope for future development for photo-otoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Increasing pressure on emergency services has led to the development of different models of care delivery including GPs working in or alongside emergency departments (EDs), but with a lack of evidence for patient safety outcomes. AIM: This study aimed to explore how care processes work and how patient safety incidents associated with GPs working in ED settings may be mitigated. DESIGN AND SETTING: Realist methodology with a purposive sample of 13 EDs in England and Wales with different GP service models. The study sought to understand the relationship between contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes to develop theories about how and why patient safety incidents may occur, and how safe care was perceived to be delivered. METHOD: Qualitative data were collected (observations, semi-structured audio-recorded staff interviews, and local patient safety incident reports). Data were coded using if, then, because statements to refine initial theories developed from an earlier rapid realist literature review and analysis of a sample of national patient safety incident reports. RESULTS: The authors developed a programme theory to describe how safe patient care was perceived to be delivered in these service models, including: an experienced streaming nurse using local guidance and early warning scores; support for GPs clinical decision making, with clear governance processes relevant to the intended role (traditional GP approach or emergency medicine approach); and strong clinical leadership to promote teamwork and improve communication between services. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study can be used as a focus for more in-depth human factors investigations to optimise work conditions in this complex care delivery setting.

Introduction: COVID-19 has caused major disruptions to healthcare, with voluntary opportunities offered to medical students to provide clinical support. We used the conceptual framework of prosocial behavior during an emergency - behaviors whose primary focus is benefiting others - to examine volunteering during COVID-19. Methods: We conducted an in-depth, mixed-methods cross-sectional survey, from 2nd May to 15th June 2020, of medical students studying at UK medical schools. Data analysis was informed by Latane and Darley's theory of prosocial behavior during an emergency and aimed to understand students' decision-making processes. Results: A total of 1145 medical students from 36 medical schools completed the survey. While 947 (82.7%) of students were willing to volunteer, only 391 (34.3%) had volunteered. The majority (92.7%) of students understood that they may be asked to volunteer; however, we found that deciding one's responsibility to volunteer was mitigated by a complex interaction between the interests of others and self-interest. Further, concerns revolving around professional role boundaries influenced students' decisions over whether they had the required skills and knowledge to volunteer. Deciding to volunteer depended not only on possession of necessary skills, but also seniority and identification with the nature of volunteering roles offered. Conclusions: We propose two additional domains to Latane and Darley's theory of prosocial behavior during an emergency that students consider before making their final decision to volunteer. These are 'logistics' - whether it is logistically feasible to volunteer - and 'safety' - whether it is safe to volunteer. This study highlights a number of modifiable barriers to prosocial behavior that medical students encounter and provides suggestions regarding how Latane and Darley's theory of prosocial behavior can be operationalized within educational strategies to address these barriers. Optimizing the process of volunteering can aid healthcare provision and may facilitate a safer volunteering process for all.

The MnMoO(4) is an environmentally friendly semiconductor material widely employed in technological devices. This material can be obtained on three different polymorphs, and although such phases were reported decades ago, some obscurity over their structure and properties is still perceived. Thus, this work provides a comprehensive DFT investigation of the , , and phases of MnMoO(4,) analyzing their crystalline structure, stability, and electronic and magnetic properties. The results show that all phases of MnMoO(4) are stable at room conditions connected by pressure application or long-time high-temperature treatment. The MnMoO(4) phases are G-type antiferromagnetic with semiconductor bandgap and have enormous potential to develop magnetic, optical, and electronic devices and photocatalytic-based processes. The results also evidence potential antiviral and antibacterial activities of the three MnMoO(4) polymorphs. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10853-022-07277-7.

A wireless network gives flexibility to the user in terms of mobility that attracts the user to use wireless communication more. The video communication in the wireless network experiences Quality of Services (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) issues due to network dynamics. The parameters, such as node mobility, routing protocols, and distance between the nodes, play a major role in the quality of video communication. Scalable Video Coding (SVC) is an extension to H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC), allows partial removal of layers, and generates a valid adapted bit-stream. This adaptation feature enables the streaming of video data over a wireless network to meet the availability of the resources. The video adaptation is a dynamic process and requires prior knowledge to decide the adaptation parameter for extraction of the video levels. This research work aims at building the adaptation parameters that are required by the adaptation engines, such as Media Aware Network Elements (MANE), to perform adaptation on-the-fly. The prior knowledge improves the performances of the adaptation engines and gives the improved quality of the video communication. The unique feature of this work is that, here, we used an experimental evaluation method to identify the video levels that are suitable for a given network condition. In this paper, we estimated the adaptation parameters for streaming scalable video over the wireless network using the experimental method. The adaptation parameters are derived using node mobility, link bandwidth, and motion level of video sequences as deciding parameters. The experimentation is carried on the OMNeT++ tool, and Joint Scalable Video Module (JSVM) is used to encode and decode the scalable video data.

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Anti-viral immune response is crucial to achieve pathogen clearance, however in some patients an excessive and aberrant host immune response can lead to an acute respiratory distress syndrome. The comprehension of the mechanisms that regulate pathogen elimination, immunity, and pathology is essential to better characterize disease progression and widen the spectrum of therapeutic options. METHODS We performed a flow cytometric characterization of immune cells subsets from 30 COVID-19 patients and correlated these data with clinical outcomes. RESULTS COVID-19 patients showed decreased numbers of circulating T, B and NK cells, and exhibited a skewing of CD8+ T cells towards a terminally differentiated/senescent phenotype. In agreement, T CD4+, T CD8+ but also NK cells displayed reduced anti-viral cytokine production capability. Moreover, a reduced cytotoxic potential was identified in COVID-19 patients, particularly in those that required intensive care. The latter group of patients showed also increased serum IL-6 levels, that correlated to the frequency of granzyme-expressing NK cells. Off-label treatment with tocilizumab restored the cytotoxic potential of NK cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the association between IL-6 serum levels and the impairment of cytotoxic activity suggests the possibility that targeting this cytokine may restore anti-viral mechanisms. FUNDING This study was supported by funds of Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine of University of Florence (ex-60%) derived from Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universit e della Ricerca (Italy).

This case study reflects on a long-term collaborative partnership between librarians and writing program administrators to plan, build, implement, and significantly revise two course-specific online learning modules. Of particular interest are contrasts between phase-delineated instructional systems design frameworks, such as ADDIE, and the often recursive, unpredictable, and messy paths of project development in practice. In describing the evolving uses of the modules within an ecosystem of programmatic library instruction, this study also demonstrates the utility of flexible, iterative, and organic approaches in evaluating, revising, and repurposing instructional design projects to meet unforeseen challenges and opportunities in an academic libraries context. ? 2021 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients undergoing treatments that act on the inmune system and present an increased risk of infections. For this reason, we could consider that these patients may have an increased risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, it remains unclear. We aimed to analyze the cumulative incidence, the severity of the infection and its influence on the natural history of IBD in patients under biological treatment and also evaluating the possible differences with another group without these therapy. Methods: Retrospective observational study about our IBD patients followed from March 2020 to January 2021 divided into two groups: patients on treatment with biological drugs (anti-TNF, vedolizumab, ustekinumab and tofacitinib) and patients without biological drugs (thiopurines or 5-ASA). We evaluated: the cumulative incidence in 10 months for COVID-19 in the 2 cohorts;clinical variables considered risk factors for the infection, the infection severity and influence on the course of IBD employing Harvey-Bradshaw index in Crohn's disease and Mayo partial index in ulcerative colitis before and after infection. Results: It collected 755 IBD patients. 89 were infected by SARSCOV-2, 43 in the biological group and 46 in non biological group. The cumulative incidence in 10 months was 10.85% in the first group (figure 1) and 12.81% in the second group with no significant differences. We verified comparability of the groups discarded the existence of statistical differences in all of the risk factors (sex, age, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease and BMI). In most cases, the infection was mild (94.4%) and the required treatment was symptomatic in 86.4% of the total (Figure 2), without significant differences between groups. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 5 patients, whose required hospital admission (3 belonged to the biological group and 2 to the other). The maximum respiratory support required was FIO2 36%, no patient required admission to ICU and there were no deaths. Additionally, the course of IBD was not affected because of COVID-19, considering no significant differences were observed in clinical scores in each group before and after infection, even taking into account 14 patients discontinued biological therapy temporarily during infection. Conclusion: Our study suggests that IBD patients under biological therapy do not have an increased incidence of SARS-COV-2 infection and also do not have a higher risk of severe disease than IBD patients without this therapy. Furthermore, COVID-19 does not affect the natural history of IBD. These data go in the same direction as those published to date, however, we need multicentre registries with a larger sample size in the future.