BACKGROUND Treatment of neuropathic pain is still challenging. Recent studies have suggested that dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which carry sensory neural signals from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system, are important for pathological nociception. A proper understanding of the significance and function of DRG and their role in pharmacotherapy can help to improve the treatment of neuropathic pain. Metamizole, also known as sulpyrine or dipyrone, is a non-opioid analgesic commonly used in clinical practice, but it is not used for neuropathic pain treatment. METHODS Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve was induced in Wistar rats. Metamizole was administered intraperitoneally (ip) preemptively at 16 and 1 h before CCI and then twice a day for 7 days. To evaluate tactile and thermal hypersensitivity, von Frey and cold plate tests were conducted, respectively. RESULTS Our behavioral results provide evidence that repeated intraperitoneal administration of metamizole diminishes the development of neuropathic pain symptoms in rats. Simultaneously, our findings provide evidence that metamizole diminishes the expression of pronociceptive interleukins (IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-18) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL4, and CCL7) in DRG measured 7 days after sciatic nerve injury. These assays indicate, for the first time, that metamizole exerts antinociceptive effects on nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain at the DRG level. CONCLUSIONS Finally, we indicate that metamizole-induced analgesia in neuropathy is associated with silencing of a broad spectrum of cytokines in DRG. Our results also suggest that metamizole is likely to be an effective medication for neuropathic pain.

Today, new technologies, such as microarrays or high-performance sequencing, are producing more and more genomic data [...].

BACKGROUND: The Emergency Department in Trondheim has prepared for a large influx of patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We conducted a study comparing patients in the Emergency Department in the first weeks of the pandemic in Norway (weeks 11 and 12) with the average number of patient visits. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Data from patients at the Emergency Department of St Olav's Hospital in the period 6 January 2020-22 March 2020 were retrieved from the Emergency Department's database. Logistical patient data concerning patient numbers, chief complaints, length of stay in the Emergency Department, acuity level, isolation status, and treatment level were analysed. RESULTS: In week 12, 331 patients were referred to the Emergency Department, a reduction of 39 % compared with the average of 541 patients in weeks 2-10. There was a general reduction in all patient groups, but particularly those discharged from the Emergency Department. In week 12 there were 56 more patients isolated with suspected/potentially infectious disease (187 %) compared with the average for weeks 2-10, and these patients spent almost two hours longer in the Emergency Department than other patients. INTERPRETATION: There was a reduction in patient visits to the Emergency Department in the first weeks of the pandemic. The percentage of patients isolated for infection control increased, and the time spent in the Emergency Department for these patients was greater than for other patients. The reduction in the inflow of patients is expected to be temporary, and the Emergency Department at St Olav's Hospital expects a large influx of patients with suspected COVID-19 disease.

Amy Griffin and co-authors discuss unstable housing and the response to HIV/AIDS in the United States.

The Pedra Branca Forest is located in a highly-urbanised region of the central portion of Rio de Janeiro City, comprises the largest urban forest on the continent and is isolated from other Atlantic Forest remnants. The local flora and fauna are protected by three conservation units (Pedra Branca State Park, Prainha Municipal Natural Park and Guaratiba State Biological Reserve) and one biological station (Fiocruz Atlantic Forest Biological StationEFMA). Here, we provide an updated list of the bat fauna for the remnant. The results are based on samplings at EFMA and literature data from Pedra Branca State Park and Prainha Natural Park. The three sampling sites combined resulted in 31 species, 23 genera and four families. Phyllostomidae was the richest family with 24 species, followed by Vespertilionidae with five species (3%) and Molossidae and Noctilionidae with one species. The local bat fauna was predominantly composed of species with a broad geographic distribution.

Bacterial pathogens use siderophores to obtain iron from the host in order to survive and grow. The host defends against siderophore-mediated iron acquisition by producing siderocalins. Siderocalins are a siderophore binding subset of the lipocalin family of proteins. The design of the siderophore binding pocket gives siderocalins the ability to bind a wide variety of siderophores and protect the host against several pathogens. Siderocalins have been identified in humans, chickens, and quail, among other animals. The differences in the respective siderocalins suggest that each was developed in response to the most serious pathogens encountered by that animal. Additionally, siderocalins have been observed in many roles unrelated to pathogen defense including differentiation, embryogenesis, inflammation, and cancer.

In December 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19, previously known as 2019-nCoV) was determined to be transmitted via respiratory droplets Thus, health agencies have recommended the use of facemasks as a protective measure The current study investigated the prevalence and factors contributing to incorrect facemask use among individuals visiting high risk public locations A cross-sectional observational study of facemask use among individuals visiting high risk public facilities was conducted during a local COVID-19 outbreak from end of April to middle of May 2020 in Sitiawan, Perak, Malaysia Enrolment in the study included any individuals entering the selected study facilities via a dedicated entry point Suitable study locations were identified as a local wet market selling freshly slaughtered animals and a district specialist hospital Trained data collectors were stationed at the entry points to observe individuals entering the selected facilities for the type, category, and correct facemask use Individuals were categorized into two groups, correct and incorrect facemask users, based on visual observation of facemask use The Pearson chi-square test was used for differences in investigated variables Both binary and multiple logistic regression models were used in this study The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board The main outcome measure was facemask use (either correct or incorrect) A total of 3322 individuals with a high prevalence of facemask use (98 2%) consisting of a large proportion of medical-grade face masks (75 5%) were included in this study Male individuals, Malay ethnic people, high-risk age groups, and those wearing a medical grade facemask were more likely to present incorrect facemask use A high prevalence of facemask use among individuals visiting public facilities was observed However, incorrect facemask use raises the need for of targeted public health strategy to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 epidemic ? 2020, Mahidol University - ASEAN Institute for Health Development All rights reserved

Purpose: Machine learning (ML) in business aids in increasing company scalability and boosting company operations for businesses all over the world. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and several ML algorithms have grown in prominence in the business analytics sector. In the era of a huge quantum of data being generated by the virtue of the integration of the various software with the business operations, the relevance of ML is continuously increasing. As a result, companies may now profit from knowing how companies may use ML and incorporating it into their own operations. ML derives useful results from the data to address very dynamic and difficult social and business problems. ML helps in establishing a system that learns automatically and produces results in less time and effort, allowing machines to discover. ML is developing at a breakneck pace, fuelled mostly by new computer technology to competitive advantages during the COVID pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: For firms all around the world, ML in business aids in expanding scalability and boosting operations. In the field of business analytics, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms have become increasingly popular. The importance of ML is growing in an era when a massive amount of data is generated as a result of the integration of various applications with company activities. As a result, businesses can now benefit from understanding how other businesses are using ML and adopting it into their own operations. In order to handle very dynamic and demanding societal and business challenges, machine learning (ML) extracts valuable results from data. Machine learning (ML) aids in the development of a system that learns automatically and generates outcomes with less time and effort, allowing machines to discover. ML is progressing at a dizzying pace, fueled primarily by new computer technology and used to gain competitive advantages during the COVID pandemic. Findings: According to a new study published by the Accenture Institute for High Performance, AI might double yearly economic growth rates in several wealthy nations by 2035. With broad AI deployment, the yearly growth rate in the USA increased from 2.6% to 4.6%, resulting in an extra $8.3tn. In the UK, AI may contribute $814bn to the economy, raising the yearly growth rate from 2.5% to 3.9%. The authors are already in a business period when huge technological development is assisting us in addressing a variety of difficulties to achieve maximum development. AI technology has enormous developmental consequences. In addition, big data analytics is helping to make AI more enterprise ready. Future developments in ML cannot be understated. Machines will very certainly eventually be smarter than humans in practically every way. Originality/value: The introduction of AI into the market has enabled small businesses to use tried-and-true strategies for achieving greater business objectives. AI is continually offering a competitive advantage to start-ups, whilst large corporations provide a platform for building novel solutions. AI has become an integral component of reality, from functioning as a robot in a production unit to self-driving automobiles and voice activated resources in complex medical procedures. As a consequence, solving the difficulties highlighted below and finding out how to collaborate with robots will be a constant problem for the human species (Sujaya and Bhaskar, 2021). ? 2021, Emerald Publishing Limited.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused more than 3 million deaths worldwide. Recently developed genetically engineered vaccines are the most critical solution for controlling the pandemic. Clinical trials on a large number of participants confirmed their safety and efficacy. However, with the growing number of vaccinated people, new infrequent adverse effects have been reported, not described in the medicinal product characteristics. We would like to report a case of acute pancreatic injury that occurred shortly after administering Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (Comirnaty). The report points out the potential need for close monitoring of patients reporting abdominal pain after vaccination (unresponsive to standard oral painkillers) because such symptom can be associated with acute pancreatitis.

Towards the end of 2019, new coronavirus causing acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients was detected in Wuhan Province, China This virus was called serious acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Virus Taxonomy Committee The disease caused by this new coronavirus was called coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization This virus was found to be in the subclass of Betakoronavirus caused by bats The role of viral proteins such as envelopes, membranes, nucleocapsids and spike proteins responsible for viral infectivity in immunopathogenesis is being investigated in studies It has been emphasized in studies in which multiple organ failure develops due to the development of cytokine storm, especially in the advanced stages of the disease An effective host immune response, including natural and adaptive immunity to SARS-Cov-2, is essential for controlling and treating viral infection Although there is no effective treatment for the disease today, the benefits of various immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs have been shown in studies In this article, the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the treatment models that can be effective on immunopathogenesis are reviewed in the light of curr ent literature (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] 2019'un sonlar?na do?ru, ?in'in Wuhan Eyaletinde hastalarda akut solunum s?k?nt?s? sendromuna neden olan yeni koronavirs tespit edildi Bu virse, Uluslararas? Virs Taksonomi Komitesi taraf?ndan ciddi akut solunum sendromu koronavirs 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ad? verildi Bu yeni koronavirsn neden oldu?u hastal??a ise Dnya Sa?l?k ?rgt taraf?ndan koronavirs hastal-2019 (COVID-19) ad? verildi Bu virsn yarasalardan kaynaklanan Betakoronavirus alt s?n?f?nda oldu?u belirlenmi?tir Viral enfektiviteden sorumlu zarf, membran, nkleokapsid ve spike proteinleri gibi viral proteinlerin immnopatogenezdeki rol ?al??malarda ara?t?r?lmaktad?r ?zellikle hastaln ileri evrelerinde sitokin f?rt?nas? geli?imine ba?l? ?oklu organ yetmezliklerinin geli?ti?i ?al??malarda vurgulanm??t?r SARS-CoV-2'ye kar?? do?al ve adaptif ba?kl?k da dahil olmak zere etkin konak?? ba?kl?k yan?t? viral enfeksiyonu kontrol etmek ve tedavi i?in ?ok ?nemlidir Gnmzde hastal?kta etkili bir tedavi bulunamamakla beraber ?al??malarda ?e?itli immnsupresif ve immunmodlat?r ?zelli?i olan baz? ila?lar?n faydas? g?sterilmi?tir Bu yaz?da SARSCoV- 2'nin immunopatogezi ve bunun zerinden etkili olabilecek tedavi modelleri, gncel literatr e?li?inde g?zden ge?irilmi?tir (Turkish) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Selcuk University Medical Journal is the property of Selcuk University Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

Hydroxychloroquine has been proposed for the cure of the COVID-19 due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-viral action. People with diabetes are more prone to severe outcome if affected by COVID-19 and the use of Hydroxychloroquine might have some benefit in this setting. However, the use of Hydroxychloroquine in diabetes deserves particular attention for its documented hypoglycemic action.

We analyzed COVID-19 data through May 6th, 2020 using a partially observed Markov process. Our method uses a hybrid deterministic and stochastic formalism that allows for time variable transmission rates and detection probabilities. The model was fit using iterated particle filtering to case count and death count time series from 55 countries. We found evidence for a shrinking epidemic in 30 of the 55 examined countries. Of those 30 countries, 27 have significant evidence for subcritical transmission rates, although the decline in new cases is relatively slow compared to the initial growth rates. Generally, the transmission rates in Europe were lower than in the Americas and Asia. This suggests that global scale social distancing efforts to slow the spread of COVID-19 are effective although they need to be strengthened in many regions and maintained in others to avoid further resurgence of COVID-19. The slow decline also suggests alternative strategies to control the virus are needed before social distancing efforts are partially relaxed.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a central technology for molecular diagnostics, is highly sensitive but susceptible to the risk of false positives caused by aerosol contamination, especially when an end\point detection mode is applied. Here, we proposed a solution by designing a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 eraser strategy for eliminating potential contamination amplification. The CRISPR/Cas9 engineered eraser is firstly adopted into artpcr reverse\transcription PCR (RT\PCR) system to achieve contamination\free RNA detection. Subsequently, we extended this CRISPR/Cas9 eraser to the PCR system. We engineered conventional PCR primers to enable the amplified products to contain an implanted NGG (protospacer adjacent motif, PAM) site, which is used as a code for specific CRISPR/Cas9 recognition. Pre\incubation of Cas9/sgRNA with PCR mix leads to a selective cleavage of contamination amplicons, thus only the template DNA is amplified. The developed CRISPR/Cas9 eraser, adopted by both RT\PCR and PCR systems, showed high\fidelity detection of SARS\CoV\2 and African swine fever virus with a convenient strip test.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes a highly lethal pulmonary infection with 35% mortality. The potential for a future pandemic originating from animal reservoirs or health care-associated events is a major public health concern. There are no vaccines or therapeutic agents currently available for MERS-CoV. Using a probe-based single B cell cloning strategy, we have identified and characterized multiple neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specifically binding to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or S1 (non-RBD) regions from a convalescent MERS-CoV-infected patient and from immunized rhesus macaques. RBD-specific MAbs tended to have greater neutralizing potency than non-RBD S1-specific MAbs. Six RBD-specific and five S1-specific MAbs could be sorted into four RBD and three non-RBD distinct binding patterns, based on competition assays, mapping neutralization escape variants, and structural analysis. We determined cocrystal structures for two MAbs targeting the RBD from different angles and show they can bind the RBD only in the "out" position. We then showed that selected RBD-specific, non-RBD S1-specific, and S2-specific MAbs given prophylactically prevented MERS-CoV replication in lungs and protected mice from lethal challenge. Importantly, combining RBD- and non-RBD MAbs delayed the emergence of escape mutations in a cell-based virus escape assay. These studies identify MAbs targeting different antigenic sites on S that will be useful for defining mechanisms of MERS-CoV neutralization and for developing more effective interventions to prevent or treat MERS-CoV infections.IMPORTANCE MERS-CoV causes a highly lethal respiratory infection for which no vaccines or antiviral therapeutic options are currently available. Based on continuing exposure from established reservoirs in dromedary camels and bats, transmission of MERS-CoV into humans and future outbreaks are expected. Using structurally defined probes for the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein (S), the target for neutralizing antibodies, single B cells were sorted from a convalescent human and immunized nonhuman primates (NHPs). MAbs produced from paired immunoglobulin gene sequences were mapped to multiple epitopes within and outside the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and protected against lethal MERS infection in a murine model following passive immunization. Importantly, combining MAbs targeting distinct epitopes prevented viral neutralization escape from RBD-directed MAbs. These data suggest that antibody responses to multiple domains on CoV spike protein may improve immunity and will guide future vaccine and therapeutic development efforts.

This article aims to defend the need of taking a pan-European and international collective action to tackle as rapidly, efficiently and effectively as possible the public health emergency caused by the COVID-19, addressing, specifically, the ethical and legal issues of the international sharing of personal data On the whole, intending to improve international cooperation in medical and scientific research with personal data Copyright ? 2020 Mikel Recuero Linares

INTRODUCTION: Limited evidence exists regarding use of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in spontaneously breathing patients. We evaluated the effectiveness of continuous iNO via high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in COVID-19 respiratory failure. METHODS: We performed a multicenter cohort study of patients with respiratory failure from COVID-19 managed with HFNC. Patients were stratified by administration of iNO via HFNC. Regression analysis was used to compare the need for mechanical ventilation and secondary endpoints including hospital mortality, length of stay, acute kidney injury, need for renal replacement therapy, and need for extracorporeal life support. RESULTS: A total of 272 patients were identified and 66 (24.3%) of these patients received iNO via HFNC for a median of 88 h (interquartile range: 44, 135). After 12 h of iNO, supplemental oxygen requirement was unchanged or increased in 52.7% of patients. Twenty-nine (43.9%) patients treated with iNO compared to 79 (38.3%) patients without iNO therapy required endotracheal intubation (P = .47). After multivariable adjustment, there was no difference in need for mechanical ventilation between groups (odds ratio: 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-3.17), however, iNO administration was associated with longer hospital length of stay (incidence rate ratio: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.31-1.51). No difference was found for mortality, acute kidney injury, need for renal replacement therapy, or need for extracorporeal life support. CONCLUSION: In patients with COVID-19 respiratory failure, iNO delivered via HFNC did not reduce oxygen requirements in the majority of patients or improve clinical outcomes. Given the observed association with increased length of stay, judicious selection of those likely to benefit from this therapy is warranted.

Many countries implemented measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic, but the effects of these measures have varied greatly. We evaluated the effects of different policies, the prevalence of dominant variants (e.g., Delta), and vaccination on the characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. We quantified the lag times of different non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and vaccination using a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM). We also tested whether these lag times were reasonable by analyzing changes in daily cases and the effective reproductive number (R(t))over time. Our results indicated that the response to vaccination in countries with continuous vaccination programs lagged by at least 40 days, and the lag time for a response to NPIs was at least 14 days. A rebound was most likely to occur during the 40 days after the first vaccine dose. We also found that the combination of school closure, workplace closure, restrictions on mass gatherings, and stay-at-home requirements were successful in containing the pandemic. Our results thus demonstrated that vaccination was effective, although some regions were adversely affected by new variants and low vaccination coverage. Importantly, relaxation of NPIs soon after implementation of a vaccination program may lead to a rebound.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) telah menjadi bencana katasropik dalam berbagai bidang terutama bidang kesehatan. Mengingat mortalitas yang tinggi dan penyebaran yang cepat dari penyakit ini vaksin menjadi salah satu harapan terbesar untuk dapat mengendalikan pandemi ini. Immunization stress-related response (ISRR) merupakan salah satu Kejadian Ikutan Pasca imunisasi (KIPI) yang bermanifestasi sebagai respons stres akut reaksi vasovagal atau reaksi gejala neurologis disosiatif (dissociative neurological symptom reactions atau DNSR) yang dapat muncul tepat sebelum selama atau segera setelah imunisasi. Fenomena kluster ISSR seringkali disebut juga dengan penyakit psikogenik massal. Adanya stigma negatif terhadap efektifitas dan keamanan vaksin COVID-19 dapat membuka peluang terjadinya kluster ISRR yang dapat membuat masyarakat semakin sungkan untuk menerima imunisasi sehingga menyebabkan gagalnya program imunisasi. Langkah preventif dapat meminimalkan risiko ISRR dan jika ISRR terjadi maka identifikasi yang cepat diagnosis dan manajemen yang tepat dapat mengurangi dampaknya.

We investigated whether countries with higher coverage of childhood live vaccines [BCG or measles-containing-vaccine (MCV)] have reduced risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related mortality, while accounting for known systems differences between countries. In this ecological study of 140 countries using publicly available national-level data, higher vaccine coverage, representing estimated proportion of people vaccinated during the last 14 years, was associated with lower COVID-19 deaths. The associations attenuated for both vaccine variables, and MCV coverage became no longer significant once adjusted for published estimates of the Healthcare access and quality index (HAQI), a validated summary score of healthcare quality indicators. The magnitude of association between BCG coverage and COVID-19 death rate varied according to HAQI, and MCV coverage had little effect on the association between BCG and COVID-19 deaths. While there are associations between live vaccine coverage and COVID-19 outcomes, the vaccine coverage variables themselves were strongly correlated with COVID-19 testing rate, HAQI and life expectancy. This suggests that the population-level associations may be further confounded by differences in structural health systems and policies. Cluster randomised studies of booster vaccines would be ideal to evaluate the efficacy of trained immunity in preventing COVID-19 infections and mortality in vaccinated populations and on community transmission.

Decision-making processes related to transportation systems are often very complex, belonging to the class of wicked problems in social studies. The literature and the media abound in examples of transportation planning failures including decisions made, delayed or withdrawn without any traceable motivations, public opposition, public opposition, extra costs/implementation times and outright cancellation, wrong traffic/revenue forecasts. Planning failures stem from several causes, including technical errors in forecasting predictable effects, lack of consensus, new governance cycles and inability to recognize the intrinsic uncertainty affecting some key variables. The underlying assumption of this paper is that the quality of the decision-making process critically depends on how the process is structured and managed. The paper proposes a conceptual model to represent and organize transport planning as a cognitive decision-making process with strong involvement of different stakeholders in various stages, accounting for different levels of uncertainty and including short- and long-term decisions options. The result is a planning process that allows for changes in objectives, strategies and decisions during different stages of the process itself, as is usually the case when different governance and socio-economic cycles succeed over time. However, the process maintains a form of procedural consistency and is intended to counteract the Penelope syndrome, whereby decisions made under previous governance cycles are undone regardless of their merits and costs. The real-life implementation of the proposed model requires strong political commitment to an open and accountable decision-making process, a technical structure able to act as process owner coordinating technical and engagement activities, and a general societal attitude towards organized participation to public decision making. The proposed model was applied to the Regional Transportation Plan of Veneto in Italy where the above conditions applied. A number of lessons were learnt from that exercise: i) stakeholders engagement revealed an important potential to manage uncertainty and increase consensus;ii) flexibility and robustness with respect to mediumCtoChigh uncertainty levels already recognized at the time of the plan (immediately before the COVID-19 crisis) were an appreciated feature of the plan;iii) separation between mature decisions and those needing further analysis was a success strategy, reducing political decision costs (from naysaying) by delaying decisions still recognizing underlying needs;iv) reduced decision time (a largely bi-partisan vote in less than one year).